7. linux/init/main.c

7.1. start_kernel()

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void) { char * command_line; extern char saved_command_line[]; /* * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then enable them */ lock_kernel(); printk(linux_banner); /* Memory Management in Linux, esp. for setup_arch() * Linux-2.4.4 MM Initialization */ setup_arch(&command_line); printk("Kernel command line: %s\n", saved_command_line); /* linux/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt * The Linux BootPrompt-HowTo */ parse_options(command_line); trap_init() { #ifdef CONFIG_EISA if (isa_readl(0x0FFFD9) == 'E'+('I'<<8)+('S'<<16)+('A'<<24)) EISA_bus = 1; #endif #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC init_apic_mappings(); #endif set_xxxx_gate(x, &func); // setup gates cpu_init(); } init_IRQ(); sched_init(); softirq_init() { for (int i=0; i<32: i++) tasklet_init(bh_task_vec+i, bh_action, i); open_softirq(TASKLET_SOFTIRQ, tasklet_action, NULL); open_softirq(HI_SOFTIRQ, tasklet_hi_action, NULL); } time_init(); /* * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong. */ console_init(); #ifdef CONFIG_MODULES init_modules(); #endif if (prof_shift) { unsigned int size; /* only text is profiled */ prof_len = (unsigned long) &_etext - (unsigned long) &_stext; prof_len >>= prof_shift; size = prof_len * sizeof(unsigned int) + PAGE_SIZE-1; prof_buffer = (unsigned int *) alloc_bootmem(size); } kmem_cache_init(); sti(); // BogoMips mini-Howto calibrate_delay(); // linux/Documentation/initrd.txt #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok && initrd_start < min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT) { printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - " "disabling it.\n",initrd_start,min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT); initrd_start = 0; } #endif mem_init(); kmem_cache_sizes_init(); pgtable_cache_init(); /* * For architectures that have highmem, num_mappedpages represents * the amount of memory the kernel can use. For other architectures * it's the same as the total pages. We need both numbers because * some subsystems need to initialize based on how much memory the * kernel can use. */ if (num_mappedpages == 0) num_mappedpages = num_physpages; fork_init(num_mempages); proc_caches_init(); vfs_caches_init(num_physpages); buffer_init(num_physpages); page_cache_init(num_physpages); #if defined(CONFIG_ARCH_S390) ccwcache_init(); #endif signals_init(); #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS proc_root_init(); #endif #if defined(CONFIG_SYSVIPC) ipc_init(); #endif check_bugs(); printk("POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX\n"); /* * We count on the initial thread going ok * Like idlers init is an unlocked kernel thread, which will * make syscalls (and thus be locked). */ smp_init() { #ifndef CONFIG_SMP # ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC APIC_init_uniprocessor(); # else do { } while (0); # endif #else /* Check Section 8.2. */ #endif } rest_init() { // init process, pid = 1 kernel_thread(init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES | CLONE_SIGNAL); unlock_kernel(); current->need_resched = 1; // idle process, pid = 0 cpu_idle(); // never return } }

start_kernel() calls rest_init() to spawn an "init" process and become "idle" process itself.

7.2. init()

"Init" process:

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// static int init(void * unused) { lock_kernel(); do_basic_setup(); prepare_namespace(); /* * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff.. */ free_initmem(); unlock_kernel(); if (open("/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0) // stdin printk("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n"); (void) dup(0); // stdout (void) dup(0); // stderr /* * We try each of these until one succeeds. * * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are * trying to recover a really broken machine. */ if (execute_command) execve(execute_command,argv_init,envp_init); execve("/sbin/init",argv_init,envp_init); execve("/etc/init",argv_init,envp_init); execve("/bin/init",argv_init,envp_init); execve("/bin/sh",argv_init,envp_init); panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel."); }

Refer to "man init" or SysVinit for further information on user-mode "init" process.

7.3. cpu_idle()

"Idle" process:

/* * The idle thread. There's no useful work to be * done, so just try to conserve power and have a * low exit latency (ie sit in a loop waiting for * somebody to say that they'd like to reschedule) */ void cpu_idle (void) { /* endless idle loop with no priority at all */ init_idle(); current->nice = 20; current->counter = -100; while (1) { void (*idle)(void) = pm_idle; if (!idle) idle = default_idle; while (!current->need_resched) idle(); schedule(); check_pgt_cache(); } } /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void __init init_idle(void) { struct schedule_data * sched_data; sched_data = &aligned_data[smp_processor_id()].schedule_data; if (current != &init_task && task_on_runqueue(current)) { printk("UGH! (%d:%d) was on the runqueue, removing.\n", smp_processor_id(), current->pid); del_from_runqueue(current); } sched_data->curr = current; sched_data->last_schedule = get_cycles(); clear_bit(current->processor, &wait_init_idle); } /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void default_idle(void) { if (current_cpu_data.hlt_works_ok && !hlt_counter) { __cli(); if (!current->need_resched) safe_halt(); else __sti(); } } /* defined in linux/include/asm-i386/system.h */ #define __cli() __asm__ __volatile__("cli": : :"memory") #define __sti() __asm__ __volatile__("sti": : :"memory") /* used in the idle loop; sti takes one instruction cycle to complete */ #define safe_halt() __asm__ __volatile__("sti; hlt": : :"memory")

CPU will resume code execution with the instruction following "hlt" on the return from an interrupt handler.

7.4. Reference

• Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals

• Kerneldoc

• LDP HOWTO-INDEX

• Linux Device Drivers, 2nd Edition