6. IP Over ATM

6.1. CLIP

A demon process is used to generate and answer ARP queries. The actual kernel part maintains a small lookup table only containing partial information.

Man pages: atmarpd(8), atmarp(8)

atmsigd and ilmid must already be running when atmarpd is started. Use the -b option to make sure they're properly synchronized, e.g.

#!/bin/sh
atmsigd -b
ilmid -b
atmarpd -b
...

#!/bin/sh
atmsigd &
ilmid &
atmarpd &
...

The atmarp program is used to configure ATMARP. First, you have to start atmsigd, ilmid, and atmarpd, then create an IP interface and configure it:

# atmarp -c interface_name
# ifconfig atm0 local_address possibly_more_options up

# atmarp -c atm0
# ifconfig atm0 10.0.0.3 up

If only PVCs will be used, they can now be created with a command like

# atmarp -s 10.0.0.4 0.0.70

NULL encapsulation is used if the null keyword is specified. Note that ARP requires LLC/SNAP encapsulation. NULL encapsulation can therefore only be used for PVCs.

When using SVCs, some additional configuration work may be necessary. If the machine is acting as the ATMARP server on that LIS, no additional configuration is required. Otherwise, the ATM address of the ATMARP server has to be configured. This is done by creating an entry for the network address with the option arpsrv set, e.g.

# atmarp -s \
  10.0.0.0 47.0005.80.ffe100.0000.f215.1065.0020EA000756.00 \
  arpsrv

Note that the ATMARP server currently has to be started and configured before any clients are configured.

The kernel ATMARP table can be read via \path{/proc/net/atm/arp}. The table used by atmarpd is regularly printed on standard error if atmarpd is started with the -d option. If atmarpd is invoked without -d, the table is written to the file atmarpd.table in the dump directory (by default /var/run; can be changed with -D), and it can be read with atmarp -a.

6.2. LAN Emulation

Besides Classical IP over ATM, LAN Emulation (LANE) can be used to carry IP over ATM. LANE emulates the characteristics of legacy LAN technology, such as support for broadcasts. LANE server support is described in the src/lane/USAGE file in the linux-atm distribution.

Man pages: bus(8), lecs(8), les(8), and zeppelin(8)

If you plan to run more than one LANE clients, LANE service or LANE clients and LANE service, you need to specify different local ATM addresses for each demon. Since all the LANE demons use similar service access points (SAPs) they need different ATM addresses to differentiate between connections.

Just as with CLIP, the LANE client consists of two parts: a demon process called zeppelin which takes care of the LANE protocol and kernel part which contains LANE ARP cache.

atmsigd and ilmid must already be running when zeppelin is started. When zeppelin starts, the kernel creates a new interface which can then be configured:

# zeppelin possibly_more_options &
# ifconfig lec0 local_address possibly_more_options up

In the example below, two LANE clients are started. The first client uses default interface lec0, default listen address and tries to join the default ELAN. The other LANE client gets interface lec2 assigned to it, binds to local address mybox3, tries to join ELAN called myelan and will bridge packets between ELAN and Ethernet segments. Address mybox3 is defined in /etc/hosts.atm. Rest of the bridging can be configured by reading the Bridging mini-HOWTO. [bridge-howto]

# zeppelin &
# ifconfig lec0 10.1.1.42 netmask 255.255.255.0 \
                          broadcast 10.1.1.255 up
#
# zeppelin -i 2 -l mybox3 -n myelan -p &
# ifconfig lec2 10.1.2.42 netmask 255.255.255.0 \
                          broadcast 10.1.2.255 up

By default, zeppelin uses interface lec0, binds to local ATM address using selector byte value 0, tries to contact LECS using Well-Known LECS address, joins the default ELAN as defined by the LECS, accepts the MTU size as defined by the LES and will not act as an proxy LEC. These parameters can be tailored with command line options which are defined in zeppelin(8).

zeppelin will automatically join any ELANs which use higher MTU than the default MTU of 1516 bytes. The MTU of the LANE interface will adjust itself according to the MTU of the current ELAN.

The state of the LANE ARP cache entries can be monitored through /proc/net/atm/lec. For each entry the MAC and ATM addresses and status is listed. If the entry has an active connection, the connection identifiers are also listed.

The LANE service ( lecs(8), les(8), and bus(8)) is configured using configuration files. The configuration file syntax is listed on the respective manual pages.

A more detailed description of Linux LANE services is discussed in Marko Kiiskilä's Master's Thesis [kiis].

6.3. MPOA

The Linux MPOA client continues the tradition of user space -- kernel divided ATM services. The demon process called mpcd processes MPOA control packets while the kernel holds MPOA ingress and egress caches and does the packet forwarding.

Man page: mpcd(8)

atmsigd and ilmid must already be running when mpcd is started. Since MPOA detects IP layer flows from LANE traffic, you need to have zeppelin running before MPOA can function. However, the order in which zeppelin and mpcd is started is not fixed. You can kill any of the demons at your will and restart it later without need to restart the other demon. The easiest way to disable MPOA is to kill the running mpcd.

Below is the example from Section LAN Emulation which starts two LANE clients. The configuration has been augmented with two MPOA clients which the LANE clients will serve.

# zeppelin &
# ifconfig lec0 10.1.1.42 netmask 255.255.255.0 \
                          broadcast 10.1.1.255 up
# mpcd -s mybox1 -l mybox2 &
#
# zeppelin -i 2 -l mybox3 -n myelan -p &
# ifconfig lec2 10.1.2.42 netmask 255.255.255.0 \
                          broadcast 10.1.2.255 up
# mpcd -i 2 -s mybox4 -l mybox5 &

The MPOA demon needs two different local ATM addresses which it uses when initiating and receiving data and control connections. The addresses can be the same as with e.g. zeppelin but must be different among other mpcd demons. By default, mpcd does not retrieve configuration information from the LECS. The necessary command line options and an example of using LECS are shown on the mpcd manual page. The manual page also lists the rest of the available options.

The contents of MPOA ingress and egress caches can be monitored through the /proc/net/atm/mpc file.

The Linux MPOA client also supports CBR traffic class for shortcuts SVCs instead of default UBR. The QoS specifications for future shortcuts can be set and modified using /proc/net/atm/mpc.

# echo add 130.230.54.146 tx=80000,1600 rx=tx > /proc/net/atm/mpc
#             # generate enough traffic to trigger a shortcut
# cat /proc/net/atm/mpc 
QoS entries for shortcuts:
IP address
  TX:max_pcr pcr     min_pcr max_cdv max_sdu
  RX:max_pcr pcr     min_pcr max_cdv max_sdu
130.230.54.146  
     80000   0       0       0       1600   
     80000   0       0       0       1600   

Interface 2:

Ingress Entries:
IP address      State     Holding time  Packets fwded  VPI VCI
130.230.4.3     invalid   1160          0           
130.230.54.146  resolved  542           151            0   109
...