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RFC 96
Network Working Group NIC 5739
Request for Comments: 96 Richard W. Watson
Category: Informational SRI-ARC
12 February 1971
An Interactive Network Experiment to Study Modes of Access the Network
Information Center
1. Introduction
This NWG/RFC outlines the framework for a simple interactive
experiment to study modes of access to the Network Information Center
(NIC). A detailed specification for the initial access conventions to
the NIC is contained in NWG/RFC 97, NIC (5740,). The initial online
service to be provided by the Network Information Center are oriented
around the SRI-ARC (ARC) Online System, typewriter version - NLS(T).
These services will involve creation, manipulation, searching, and
distribution of symbolic material (text initially). The initial Online
System was display oriented and considerable development has gone into
the study of features required for a comfortable interface to the user.
In preparation for use with the Network Information Center, a typewriter
oriented version has been developed. Assuming good computer response and
a typewriter terminal operating at 30 char/sec, the system provides
powerful and comfortable to use capabilities for handling structured
textual material.
The question to which the experiment, to be described below,
addresses itself is to determine how to extend these capabilities
through the network to users at remote sites, possibly operating 10
char/sec and higher speed terminals through fairly heavily loaded
systems. This experiment will also provide useful information about the
interactive characteristics of the network, and guidelines for designers
of other interactive systems to be used with the network. We propose
that this experiment will be conducted with the assistance and
cooperation of one other site. We estimate that the experiment will
require about three calendar months. In order to minimize the resources
required for the experiment, we will collect meaningful response time
statistics that are easy to obtain with presetly existing metering
facilities in the SRI and cooperating site systems, and network
performance measuring facilities. We will not conduct formal
productivity studies with the users of the connection, but will obtain
their subjective impressions on use of the various connection modes. The
result will be data indicating the costs and benefits obtained using the
types of access described below. We would expect that this information
would be useful to sites in determining how they want to implement
access to the NIC and other interactive sites.
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NETWORK WORKING GROUP RFC #96 NIC 5739
During the period of the experiment, other sites will want to access the
NIC as they come up on the network. We would recommend a simple
approach, such as described in Section 2b, initially with a possible
change later if the experiment indicates improved response and/or human
factors coupling can be obtained with one of the other approaches,
NWG/RFC 97, NIC (5740,) specifies this initial access approach in
detail.
2. Getting Connected to the Network
2a. Introduction
There are three basic approaches to allowing remote sites to
connect to the NIC through the network, which we can call User
Program Telnet, NLS(T) Front End, Monitor Telnet. Each of these is
discussed below. Each approach requires code which will run in the
remote host.
We assume that standard conventions for Telnet programs will be
specified by the Network Working Group. In the companion paper
(NWG/RFC 97), NIC (5740,)) we include recommended conventions on
solving those problems which we are aware exists relative to initial
NIC access, although we have tried to specify conventions useful more
generally. The NLS(T) Front End Program would interface to the Telnet
Program.
We assume that no matter which approach is taken, the software
at the ARC end use the information obtained during the connection
process to log-in the remote terminal under a general account and
will place the terminal user in the NIC version of NLS, which we will
call NLS(NIC) for short. The NLS(NIC) will ask the terminal user for
his initials. The remote user then has access to all NIC facilities.
The initial typewriter oriented system accepts commands of the
general form:
<command words> <operand> <delimiter> ... <operand> <delimiter>
The <command words> is usually two words, the first to indicate
a general operation class, and the second to indicate a general data
structure type to be operated on. The <operand>s specify specific
data entities to be operated upon, or instructions to adjust NLS
parameters.
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NETWORK WORKING GROUP RFC #96 NIC 5739
The system at ARC is full duplex and allows the user to type the
first character of the command words and the system immediately echos
the remaining characters as feedback and support for the user. Other
feedback is echoed where appropriate. The question we need to answer
is what changes in this system will be required to suit it to the
network and remote site constraints. We now look at problems existing
at the remote sites.
To gain connection to the NIC we assume that the user logs into
his local system and calls up a subsystem or cusp. This subsystem or
system program, Telnet program will be used to access other sites as
well. The remote terminal and its controlling software system can
operate in three basic modes as seen by the host subsystems
Case 1 - Character at a time half duplex
Case 2 - Character at a time full duplex
Case 3 - Line at a time half duplex
Although line at a time is full duplex is a logical possibility,
no such approach is in general use and we ignore it in the following
discussion.
In the discussions to follow, in Section 2b, 2c and 2d, we describe
the modes of access which we would like to investigate
experimentally. We want to study user reaction with 10 char/sec, 15
char/sec, and 30 char/sec devices.
2b. User Program Telnet
Consider the above classes of terminal in turn and the ways the
Telnet program might handle communications between them and the NIC.
The Telnet program might allow both full and half duplex
communication as specified by the user.
2b1. Case 1 - Character at a Time Full Duplex
The simplest approach would be for the Telnet program to
take each character received from the terminal (except a special
character or character sequence needed to escape back to the
terminals host system), convert the code to ASCII and transmit it
as a message to NLS(NIC). NLS(NIC) would handle all character
echoing and transmit echo messages back to the Telnet for actual
transmission to the terminal in the appropriate terminal code.
This mode of communication involves full duplex transmission user
to user and is probably the severest test of the interactive
characteristics of the host-network-host system.
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NETWORK WORKING GROUP RFC #96 NIC 5739
Depending on loading at the remote host, on the network, and
at ARC, round trip delay for simple character echoing may be
several seconds. Experience in communication between the old ARC
940 and a heavily loaded PDP-10 at Utah showed occasional delays
on the order of 4 or 5 seconds and longer for single character
echoing. Human factors considerations in use of NLS(NIC) indicate
that such delays would be frustrating to the user. A more cageful
study of this mode of communication should give a base against
which to measure the other modes of communication.
2b2. Case 2 - Character at a Time Half Duplex
There are two subcases which we treat identically:
i) The Telnet program sees a half duplex terminal.
ii) The Telnet program sees a full duplex terminal, but
provides echoing so as to make the terminal half duplex as seen
by NIC.
With the character at a time half duplex case the NIC program
will operate in two modes:
a) short mode
b) long mode
In short mode the user will type in the command and receive on
his terminal only the characters echoed by his system and the
NIC response to the command.
In long mode. the user will receive feedback from NIC at an
appropriate point in the command. We want to see how novice and
experienced users feel about working in these two modes, given
the delays in the system response.
2b3. Case 3 - Line at a Time Half Duplex
From the point of ciew of the NIC this case is essentially the
same as Case 2. From the point of ciew of the network this
case is a more efficient use fo the network as the messages are
longer. This case is also more efficient for the user host
system as it will require fewer calls to the Telnet subsystem;
response for Case 3 may be better than Case 2.
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NETWORK WORKING GROUP RFC #96 NIC 5739
2c. The NLS(T) Front End
In this mode of communication, the subsystem which handles
communication with the NIC is to perform some of the interactive
and other tasks now performed by NLS(T). The type of tasks to be
performed are echoing of the characters typed and the additional
feedback characters for the full spell out of the command words,
parsing of the command string, error handling where appropriate,
and the sending of a parsed string as a message to NLS(T). If it
should turn out that this mode of communication is the one
preferred by sites, we would expect to supply an example version
of the Front End program written in some language to serve as a
model for implementation. The Network Working Group may want to
give further study to a standard language for specifying such
programs as indicated in NWG/RFC 51, NIC (4752,).
2d. Monitor Telnet
Much of the response delay in the experiments of Section 2b
is expected to result from the fact that the Telnet described
there is a user program. We will run the experiments of Section 2b
with the appropriate Telnet routines resident as a part of the
user host monitor.
[ This RFC was put into machine readable form for entry ]
[ into the online RFC archives by Henrik Johansson 4/97 ]
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