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RFC 595
Network Working Group Wayne Hathaway
Request for Comments # 595 AMES-67
NIC # 20617 12 Dec 1973
References: NIC # 20812
Some Thoughts in Defense of the TELNET Go-Ahead
This note is a reply to Edward Taft's "Second Thoughts on TELNET Go-
Ahead" (NIC #20812). Specifically, I will attempt to show the
following about the three main directions of his objections:
1. It is the idea of line-at-a-time systems which are esthetically
unappealing, not the GA mechanism. This may be a valid point, but
given the large number of such systems on the net, it would seem a
rather academic one.
2. The specified GA mechanism will in fact work very well between
(reasonably implemented) line-at-a-time systems, and should provide
significant help elsewhere.
3. While the GA mechanism may not be correct in all cases, it can
provide significant advantages fro the line-at-a-time systems and
users.
My comments will be arranged under the original headings from the
subject RFC (NIC #20812).
"TECHNOLOGY"
The definitions of "half-duplex" and "reverse break" are
satisfactory. Two points should be made regarding "reverse break",
however. First: having reverse break on the terminal is of course not
sufficient; the operating system must support it. As "support" is
equivalent to "require" in this context, it is not too surprising
that some systems do not in fact do this. That is, there are systems
which will not type through an unlocked keyboard until the user
manually turns the line around, and the operational problems with
such systems are much less than might be assumed. Second, at least on
IBM 2741's and equivalent, the line turnaround takes a significant
amount of time, during which user-typed characters may be missed or
garbled. In fact, a fairly standard mode of operation with systems
that use reverse break (including TIP's) is to automatically enter
a "line delete" character and start over every time the reverse break
is used while typing, which can hardly be called esthetic. One
solution to this problem would be for the system to not use reverse
break once the user has begun typing (as suggested near the end of
NIC #20812), but most systems (including TIP's) do not do this.
Hathaway [Page 1]
RFC 595 In Defense of the TELNET Go-Ahead December 1973
Some discussion is also warranted at this point about line-at-a-time
systems (hereafter abbreviated as LAAT systems). One prime reason for
LAAT operation is to avoid the overhead of interrupting the CPU (and
possibly the user process) for every character typed. Instead,
characters are buffered (in a controller, a front-end computer, etc)
until some "end-of-line" signal is received; they are then passed to
the system in a group. This means that the system is totally unaware
that any typing has occurred until the "end-of-line" signal is sent;
a partially completed line will literally never be recognized.
"ESTHETIC OBJECTIONS TO GA"
From the above, I feel that one can see that it is the operating mode
of a system rather than the type of features of its terminals which
determines whether GA is useful or not. For example, IBM front-ends
handle Teletypes in LAAT mode, while the TIP attempts to run 2741's
as full-duplex devices (with something less than "a very good job at
turning the line around," from my experience).
At any rate, the half-duplex/full-duplex debate can go on forever --
the problem here is to try to smooth the way for users on local LAAT
systems connected to foreign systems of varying characteristics.
"WHY GA WON'T WORK"
As mentioned, in LAAT systems no terminal input is recognized until
the specified "end-of-line" character is entered, preceding characters
having been buffered in a front-end etc. This can of course be
carried over into server TELNET: incoming network messages can be
buffered at a very low level in the NCP awaiting a TELNET end-of-line
signal. User processes wanting input would remain blocked until the
end-of-line is received, rather than being handed each character as
it is read. In fact, this is the implementation in all of the LAAT
systems with which I am familiar. The reason for doing this is
obvious: many hosts continue to send single characters even in LAAT
systems, resulting in a significant increase in overhead. Equally
obvious is the fact that in this mode the GA mechanism will function
quite well, in fact as well as turning the line around to unlock the
keyboard of a local terminal.
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RFC 595 In Defense of the TELNET Go-Ahead December 1973
This further brings us what is to me one of the main reasons for the
GA mechanisms: the need for a scheme similar to the above for user
TELNET's. The problem is as follows: a user TELNET on a LAAT system
has no required "end-of-message" signal for incoming server-generated
messages, and so is required to read each character as it comes, with
attendant overhead. In addition, the user process is forced to write
each character as it arrives, since it never knows when the server
will stop sending. On systems which support reverse break this
results in little more than erratic terminal behavior, but on systems
which do not support it, it is left up to the user to manually turn
the line around (which he can do reasonably well with "attention").
Of course the overhead of handling character-at-a-time input on a
line-at-a-time system is also significant.
This is what I see as the most valuable reason for the GA mechanism,
as was noted in NIC#20812: it is not so much a request for input as
an assurance (although not an irrevocable one) that the server is
through sending output. In fact, that is what the name implies to me:
go ahead, it's your turn to type, I'm through for a while. Perhaps
some of the objections would be eased if this aspect were given more
emphasis? As an aside, the problem of spontaneous system messages
that might be generated after a GA is sent is not a major one in
practice, as the user will surely see the message as soon as he
manually turns the line around (enters his next input line). Note of
course that the spontaneous message should also have a GA following,
to serve as "end-of-message" to the receiving NCP. Further, if
the user system supports reverse break, it can deliver the message as
soon as it likes.
"IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS"
Perhaps the above discussion will remove some of the objections from
this section? The GA should be sent when a system has a "reasonable
assurance" that it is not going to generate additional output (eg,
after a system prompt). If this assumption turns out to be false
there is no problem: the additional output is simply sent, also
followed by a GA. The main point here is that known multi-line output
(eg, editor printout, message-of-the-day, SYSTAT) would have only the
single GA on the end.
Finally about linking. I agree that on a system like TENEX links
should probably not use GA's, but have you been involved in a
link to a user on a LAAT system? The LAAT user is of course generating
complete lines, which are sent over such a link. This can
be very disconcerting to a character-at-a-time user, who all of a
sudden has dozens of characters printing at full terminal speed
Hathaway [Page 3]
RFC 595 In Defense of the TELNET Go-Ahead December 1973
(often against the right margin). And I can hardly imagine linking
from a 2741 on a TIP to a TENEX user: one would never get anything
typed, with all the line turnarounds.
In fact, in all the linking that I have done from our (LAAT) system
to TENEX we have very quickly agreed on a manual GA mechanism (eg,
"over"). For straight conversational links I do not feel that it is
unreasonable to have a simple way to ask your local process to send a
GA (although GA is mostly defined in the server-to-user context,
which breaks down somewhat here). One further supportive comment: a
spoken conversation is of course line-at-a-time, with "obvious cues"
(pauses, questions, etc.) serving as GA's. The situation is of course
quite livable, even when spontaneous talk overrides the GA ("Oh,
before you answer that, ..."). This occasionally results in the need to
repeat a line, in an exact analogy to the problem of lines garbled by
a reverse break or printed against the right margin.
The problem of links containing system output intermixed with user
input is more difficult. In any implementation it seems the LAAT user
will have to be aware of what is happening and manually control his
terminal to some extent, but that is reasonable when dealing with an
"alien" system. More definition work is called for in this area, to
solve the efficiency problem for LAAT hosts.
"A PROPOSAL"
The proposal appears on the surface to be that "suppress GA" should
be the NVT default, which would be perfectly acceptable to me (and I
would suppose to other LAAT users): two additional messages upon
opening a connection is a small enough price.
But in fact that is not the proposal at all -- the proposal is really
to remove the requirement that all server systems implement the GA.
This I object to very strenuously since, as I feel I have shown, the
benefit to the LAAT system and user of GA far outweigh its cost to
other types of server systems. And of course the expense of going
into "suppress GA" mode when appropriate is truly negligible.
The proposal for having those user TELNET's which do not support
reverse break retain permanent control over terminals is also weak,
even without GA. In our current implementation the assumption is that
for each line entered by the user, the server system will respeed
with something. Control of the terminal is thus retained after input
until some output is received and printed, when the terminal is again
made available for input. The "attention" key is defined as a toggle
switch to control the terminal keyboard: if pressed while the
keyboard is unlocked (open for input) it will lock it until the next
available output message and if pressed while keyboard is locked
Hathaway [Page 4]
RFC 595 In Defense of the TELNET Go-Ahead December 1973
it will be unlocked for input. The user may also enter a true unlocked
mode, in which the terminal is always returned to him for additional
input (after printing all queued output). This is used, for
example, for input to a text editor which does not issue prompts for
each line, the mode may be changed at any time by the user, and the
"attention" key may of course be used to retrieve expected but
infrequent output. This combination mode has proven much more effective
than the proposed "user must press attention for all input" mode.
Of course the addition of GA will allow the user process to wait for
a "complete" reply before printing anything, which will eliminate
much of the use of "attention", as well as improve system efficiency.
A GRIPE OF MY OWN
I would like to add one complaint of my own at this point. The
implementation schedule for the new TELNET called for a date of July 1
when systems should accept new TELNET without causing errors.
This date was presumably agreed to by responsible representatives of
effectively all active network sites. My system has been using the
new TELNET since early September (significantly after the allowable
date) but I have been forced to disable all server-generated GA's
because (among other problems) TENEX "SNDMSG" does not work when GA's
are received over the FTP TELNET control connection. Disabling the
GA's was of course required in order for me to receive any deliveries
from the Network Information Center. This brings up three points.
First, I sincerely hope that service functions like the NIC intend to
accept the new TELNET protocol by the January 1 implementation date.
Second, in response to RFC#593 by Alex McKenzie and Jon Postel, I do
not feel that attempting to use a second TCP socket for "new TELNET"
will work, because of the use of TELNET by FTP. In fact, it does not
seem too difficult to make a "compatible" TELNET which will accept
either mode (which sites have had since July 1 to do) and I feel that
this is the most reasonable implementation method, even if it makes
the January 1 date impractical. And third, perhaps sites should be
more cautious about commitments to implementation schedules in the
future.
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Hathaway [Page 5]
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