[ RFC3576 | RFC Index | Protocol Standards | Linux Docs | FreeBSD Docs | RFC3578 ]
RFC 3577
Network Working Group S. Waldbusser
Request for Comments: 3577 R. Cole
Category: Informational AT&T
C. Kalbfleisch
Verio, Inc.
D. Romascanu
Avaya
August 2003
Introduction to the Remote Monitoring (RMON) Family of MIB Modules
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
The Remote Monitoring (RMON) Framework consists of a number of
interrelated documents. This memo describes these documents and how
they relate to one another.
Table of Contents
1. The Internet-Standard Management Framework . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Definition of RMON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Goals of RMON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. RMON Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1. RMON-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Token Ring Extensions to RMON MIB. . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3. The RMON-2 MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4. RMON MIB Protocol Identifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.5. Remote Network Monitoring MIB Extensions for Switched
Networks (SMON MIB). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.6. RMON MIB Extensions for Interface Parameters Monitoring
(IFTOPN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.7. RMON Extensions for Differentiated Services (DSMON MIB). 12
4.8. RMON for High Capacity Networks (HCRMON MIB) . . . . . . 13
4.9. Application Performance Measurement MIB (APM MIB). . . . 14
4.10. RMON MIB Protocol Identifier Reference Extensions. . . . 15
4.11. Transport Performance Metrics MIB (TPM MIB). . . . . . . 16
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 1]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
4.12. Synthetic Sources for Performance Monitoring MIB
(SSPM MIB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.13. RMON MIB Extensions for High Capacity Alarms . . . . . . 17
4.14. Real-Time Application Quality of Service Monitoring
(RAQMON) MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5. RMON Framework Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.1. MediaIndependent Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.2. Protocol Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.3. Application Directory and appLocalIndex. . . . . . . . . 21
5.4. Data Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.5. Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.6. Control Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6. Relationship of the SSPM MIB with the APM and TPM MIBs . . . . 24
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
11. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1. The Internet-Standard Management Framework
For a detailed overview of the documents that describe the current
Internet-Standard Management Framework, please refer to section 7 of
RFC 3410 [RFC3410].
Managed objects are accessed via a virtual information store, termed
the Management Information Base or MIB. MIB objects are generally
accessed through the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
Objects in the MIB are defined using the mechanisms defined in the
Structure of Management Information (SMI). This memo specifies a MIB
module that is compliant to the SMIv2, which is described in STD 58,
RFC 2578 [RFC2578], STD 58, RFC 2579 [RFC2579] and STD 58, RFC 2580
[RFC2580].
2. Definition of RMON
Remote network monitoring devices, often called monitors or probes,
are instruments that exist for the purpose of managing and/or
monitoring a network. Often these remote probes are stand-alone
devices and devote significant internal resources for the sole
purpose of managing a network. An organization may employ many of
these devices, up to one per network segment, to manage its internet.
In addition, these devices may be used to manage a geographically
remote network such as for a network management support center of a
service provider to manage a client network, or for the central
support organization of an enterprise to manage a remote site.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 2]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
When the work on the RMON documents was started, this device-oriented
definition of RMON was taken quite literally, as RMON devices were
purpose-built probes and dedicated to implementing the RMON MIB
modules. Soon, cards were introduced that added RMON capability into
a network hub, switch or router. RMON also began to appear as a
software capability that was added to the software of certain network
equipment, as well as software applications that could run on servers
or clients. Despite the variety of these approaches, the RMON
capability in each serves as a dedicated network management resource
available for activities ranging from long-term data collection and
analysis or for ad-hoc firefighting.
In the beginning, most, but not all, of RMON's capabilities were
based on the promiscuous capture of packets on a network segment or
segments. Over time, that mixture included more and more
capabilities that did not depend on promiscuous packet capture.
Today, some of the newest documents added to the RMON framework allow
multiple techniques of data gathering, where promiscuous packet
capture is just one of several implementation options.
3. Goals of RMON
o Offline Operation
There are sometimes conditions when a management station will
not be in constant contact with its remote monitoring devices.
This is sometimes by design in an attempt to lower
communications costs (especially when communicating over a WAN
or dialup link), or by accident as network failures affect the
communications between the management station and the probe.
For this reason, RMON allows a probe to be configured to
perform diagnostics and to collect statistics continuously,
even when communication with the management station may not be
possible or efficient. The probe may then attempt to notify
the management station when an exceptional condition occurs.
Thus, even in circumstances where communication between
management station and probe is not continuous, fault,
performance, and configuration information may be continuously
accumulated and communicated to the management station
conveniently and efficiently.
o Proactive Monitoring
Given the resources available on the monitor, it is potentially
helpful for it to continuously run diagnostics and to log
network performance. The monitor is always available at the
onset of any failure. It can notify the management station of
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 3]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
the failure and can store historical statistical information
about the failure. This historical information can be played
back by the management station in an attempt to perform further
diagnosis into the cause of the problem.
o Problem Detection and Reporting
The monitor can be configured to recognize conditions, most
notably error conditions, and to continuously check for them.
When one of these conditions occurs, the event may be logged,
and management stations may be notified in a number of ways.
o Value Added Data
Because a remote monitoring device represents a network
resource dedicated exclusively to network management functions,
and because it is located directly on the monitored portion of
the network, the remote network monitoring device has the
opportunity to add significant value to the data it collects.
For instance, by highlighting those hosts on the network that
generate the most traffic or errors, the probe can give the
management station precisely the information it needs to solve
a class of problems.
o Multiple Managers
An organization may have multiple management stations for
different units of the organization, for different functions
(e.g., engineering and operations), and in an attempt to
provide disaster recovery. Because environments with multiple
management stations are common, the remote network monitoring
device has to deal with more than one management station,
potentially using its resources concurrently.
4. RMON Documents
The RMON Framework includes a number of documents. Each document
that makes up the RMON framework defines some new useful behavior
(i.e., an application) and managed objects that configure, control
and monitor that behavior. This section lists those documents and
describes the role of each.
One of the key ways to differentiate the various RMON MIB modules is
by noting at which layer they operate. Because the RMON MIB modules
take measurements and present aggregates of those measurements, there
are 2 criteria to quantify for each MIB:
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 4]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
1. At which layers does the MIB take measurements?
For example, the RMON MIB measures data-link layer attributes
(e.g., packets, bytes, errors), while the APM MIB measures
application layer attributes (e.g., response time). Supporting
measurement at higher layers requires analysis deeper into the
packet and many application layer measurements require stateful
flow analysis.
2. At which layers does the MIB aggregate measurements?
This criteria notes the granularity of aggregation. For
example, the RMON MIB aggregates its measurements to the link,
hardware address, or hardware address pair - all data-link
concepts. In contrast, the RMON-2 MIB takes the same data-link
metrics (packets, bytes, errors) and aggregates them based on
network address, transport protocol, or application protocol.
Note that a MIB may take measurements at one level while aggregating
at different levels. Also note that a MIB may function at multiple
levels. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the measurement layers and
aggregation layers for each MIB.
Measurement Layers
Data Link Network Transport Application
Layer Layer Layer Layer
RMON-1 X
TR-RMON X
RMON-2 X
SMON X
IFTopN X
HCRMON X
APM X
TPM X
Figure 1
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 5]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
Aggregation Layers
Data Link Network Transport Application
Layer Layer Layer Layer
RMON-1 X
TR-RMON X
RMON-2 X X X
SMON X
IFTopN X
HCRMON X
APM X X X
TPM X X X
Figure 2
4.1. RMON-1
The RMON-1 standard [RFC2819] is focused at layer 2 and provides
link-layer statistics aggregated in a variety of ways. In addition,
it provides the generation of alarms when thresholds are crossed, as
well as the ability to filter and capture packet contents. The
components of RMON-1 are:
The Ethernet Statistics Group
The ethernet statistics group contains statistics measured by
the probe for each monitored Ethernet interface on this device.
The History Control Group
The history control group controls the periodic statistical
sampling of data from various types of network media.
The Ethernet History Group
The ethernet history group records periodic statistical samples
from an ethernet network and stores them for later retrieval.
The Alarm Group
The alarm group periodically takes statistical samples from
variables in the probe and compares them to previously
configured thresholds. If the monitored variable crosses a
threshold, an event is generated. A hysteresis mechanism is
implemented to limit the generation of alarms.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 6]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
The Host Group
The host group contains statistics associated with each host
discovered on the network. This group discovers hosts on the
network by keeping a list of source and destination MAC
Addresses seen in good packets promiscuously received from the
network.
The HostTopN Group
The hostTopN group is used to prepare reports that describe the
hosts that top a list ordered by one of their statistics. The
available statistics are samples of one of their base
statistics over an interval specified by the management
station. Thus, these statistics are rate based. The
management station also selects how many such hosts are
reported.
The Matrix Group
The matrix group stores statistics for conversations between
sets of two MAC addresses. As the device detects a new
conversation, it creates a new entry in its tables.
The Filter Group
The filter group allows packets to be matched by a filter
equation. These matched packets form a data stream that may be
captured or may generate events.
The Packet Capture Group
The Packet Capture group allows packets to be captured after
they flow through a channel.
The Event Group
The event group controls the generation and notification of
events from this device.
4.2. Token Ring Extensions to RMON MIB
Some of the functions defined in the RMON-1 MIB were defined specific
to Ethernet media. In order to operate the functions on Token Ring
Media, new objects needed to be defined in the Token Ring Extensions
to RMON MIB [RFC1513]. In addition, this MIB defines additional
objects that provide monitoring functions unique to Token Ring.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 7]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
The components of the Token Ring Extensions to RMON MIB are:
The Token Ring Statistics Groups
The Token Ring statistics groups contain current utilization
and error statistics. The statistics are broken down into two
groups, the Token Ring Mac-Layer Statistics Group and the Token
Ring Promiscuous Statistics Group. The Token Ring Mac-Layer
Statistics Group collects information from the Mac Layer,
including error reports for the ring and ring utilization of
the Mac Layer. The Token Ring Promiscuous Statistics Group
collects utilization statistics from data packets collected
promiscuously.
The Token Ring History Groups
The Token Ring History Groups contain historical utilization
and error statistics. The statistics are broken down into two
groups, the Token Ring Mac-Layer History Group and the Token
Ring Promiscuous History Group. The Token Ring Mac-Layer
History Group collects information from the Mac Layer,
including error reports for the ring and ring utilization of
the Mac Layer. The Token Ring Promiscuous History Group
collects utilization statistics from data packets collected
promiscuously.
The Token Ring Ring Station Group
The Token Ring Ring Station Group contains statistics and
status information associated with each Token Ring station on
the local ring. In addition, this group provides status
information for each ring being monitored.
The Token Ring Ring Station Order Group
The Token Ring Ring Station Order Group provides the order of
the stations on monitored rings.
The Token Ring Ring Station Config Group
The Token Ring Ring Station Config Group manages token ring
stations through active means. Any station on a monitored ring
may be removed or have configuration information downloaded
from it.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 8]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
The Token Ring Source Routing Group
The Token Ring Source Routing Group contains utilization
statistics derived from source routing information optionally
present in token ring packets.
4.3. The RMON-2 MIB
The RMON-2 MIB [RFC2021] extends the architecture defined in RMON-1,
primarily by extending RMON analysis up to the application layer.
The components of the RMON-2 MIB are:
The Protocol Directory Group
Every RMON-2 implementation will have the capability to parse
certain types of packets and identify their protocol type at
multiple levels. The protocol directory presents an inventory
of those protocol types the probe is capable of monitoring, and
allows the addition, deletion, and configuration of protocol
types in this list.
Protocol Distribution Group
This function controls the collection of packet and octet
counts for any or all protocols detected on a given interface.
An NMS can use this table to quickly determine bandwidth
allocation utilized by different protocols.
Address Mapping Group
This function lists MAC address to network address bindings
discovered by the probe and on which interface they were last
seen.
Network Layer Host Group
This function counts the amount of traffic sent from and to
each network address discovered by the probe.
Network Layer Matrix Group
This function counts the amount of traffic sent between each
pair of network addresses discovered by the probe.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 9]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
Application Layer Host Group
This function counts the amount of traffic, by protocol, sent
from and to each network address discovered by the probe.
Application Layer Matrix
This function counts the amount of traffic, by protocol, sent
between each pair of network addresses discovered by the probe.
User History
This function allows an NMS to request that certain variables
on the probe be periodically polled and for a time-series to be
stored of the polled values. This builds a user-configurable
set of variables to be monitored (not to be confused with data
about users).
Probe Configuration
This group contains configuration objects that configure many
aspects of the probe, including the software downloaded to the
probe, the out of band serial connection, and the network
connection.
4.4. RMON MIB Protocol Identifiers
The RMON-2 MIB identifies protocols at any layer of the 7 layer
hierarchy with an identifier called a Protocol Identifier, or
ProtocolID for short. ProtocolIDs also identify the particular
configuration of layering in use, including any arbitrary
encapsulations. The RMON MIB Protocol Identifiers document [RFC2896]
is a companion document to the RMON-2 MIB that defines a number of
well-known protocols. Another document, the RMON MIB Protocol
Identifiers Macros [RFC2895], defines a macro format for the
description of these well-known protocols and others that may be
described in the future.
As the RMON Framework has grown, other documents have been added to
the framework that utilize ProtocolIDs.
4.5. Remote Network Monitoring MIB Extensions for Switched Networks
(SMON MIB)
Switches have become pervasive in today's networks as a form of
broadcast media. SMON [RFC2613] provides RMON-like functions for the
monitoring of switched networks.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 10]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
Switches today differ from standard shared media protocols because:
1) Data is not, in general, broadcast. This MAY be caused by the
switch architecture or by the connection-oriented nature of the
data. This means, therefore, that monitoring non-broadcast
traffic needs to be considered.
2) Monitoring the multiple entry and exit points from a Switching
device requires a vast amount of resources - memory and CPU,
and aggregation of the data in logical packets of information,
determined by the application needs.
3) Switching incorporates logical segmentation such as Virtual
LANs (VLANs).
4) Switching incorporates packet prioritization.
5) Data across the switch fabric can be in the form of cells.
Like RMON, SMON is only concerned with the monitoring of
packets.
Differences such as these make monitoring difficult. The SMON MIB
provides the following functions that help to manage switched
networks:
smonVlanStats
This function provides traffic statistics per Virtual LAN for
802.1q VLANs.
smonPrioStats
This function provides traffic statistics per priority level
for 802.1q VLANS.
dataSourceCaps
This function identifies all supported data sources on a SMON
device. An NMS MAY use this table to discover the RMON and
Copy Port attributes of each data source.
portCopyConfig
Many network switches provide the capability to make a copy of
traffic seen on one port and sending it out to another port for
management purposes. This occurs in addition to any copying
performed during the normal forwarding behavior of the switch.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 11]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
The portCopyConfig function provides control of the port copy
functionality in a device.
4.6. RMON MIB Extensions for Interface Parameters Monitoring (IFTOPN)
Many network switches contain hundreds of ports, many with only one
attached device. A common operation when managing such a switch is
to sort the interfaces by one of the parameters (e.g., to find the
most highly utilized interface). If the switch contains many
interfaces it can be expensive and time consuming to download
information for all interfaces to sort it on the NMS. Instead, the
ifTopN MIB [RFC3144] allows the sorting to occur on the switch and
for only the top interfaces to be downloaded.
4.7. RMON Extensions for Differentiated Services (DSMON MIB)
This MIB [RFC3287] defines extensions of RMON for monitoring the
traffic usage of Differentiated Services [RFC2474] codepoint values.
The 6-bit DiffServ codepoint portion (DSCP) of the Type of Service
(TOS) octet in the IP header provides for 64 different packet
treatments for the implementation of differentiated network devices.
DSMON-capable RMON probes collect and aggregate statistics based on
the inspection of the DSCP value in monitored packets.
The DSMON MIB defines a DSCP counter aggregation mechanism to reduce
the total number of counters by configuring the agent to internally
aggregate counters based on the DSCP value. This mechanism is
designed to overcome the agent data collection limitation, perform
data reduction at the agent and applications level, and optimize the
application for cases in which some codepoint values are not used, or
lead to similar packet treatment in the monitored network domain.
The components of the DSMON MIB are:
The Aggregate Control Group
The Aggregate Control Group enables the configuration of the
counter aggregation groups.
The DSMON Statistics Group
The DSMON Statistics Group contains per counter aggregation
group distribution statistics for a particular RMON data
source.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 12]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
The DSMON Protocol Distribution Group
The DSMON Protocol Distribution Group reports per counter
aggregation distribution statistics for each application
protocol detected on a particular RMON data source.
The DSMON Host Group
The DSMON Host Group contains host address distribution
statistics for each counter aggregation group, detected on a
particular RMON data source.
The DSMON Capabilities Group
The DSMON Capabilities Group reports the DSMON MIB functional
capabilities of the agent implementation.
The DSMON Matrix Group
The DSMON Matrix Group contains host address pair distribution
statistics for each counter aggregation group, detected on a
particular RMON data source.
4.8. RMON for High Capacity Networks (HCRMON MIB)
This MIB [RFC3272] defines extensions to RMON for use on high
capacity networks. Except for the mediaIndependentTable, each of the
tables in this MIB adds high capacity capability to an associated
table in the RMON-1 MIB or RMON-2 MIB.
The mediaIndependentTable provides media independent utilization and
error statistics for full-duplex and half-duplex media. Prior to the
existence of the HCRMON MIB, a new table needed to be created for
RMON monitoring of each data-link layer media. These tables included
many statistical attributes of the media, including packet and octet
counters that are independent of the media type. This was not
optimal because there was no way to monitor media types for which a
media-specific table had not been defined. Further, there were no
common objects to monitor media-independent attributes between media
types.
In the future, for media other than ethernet and token ring, the
mediaIndependentTable will be the source for media-independent
statistics. Additional media-specific tables may be created to
provide attributes unique to particular media, such as error
counters.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 13]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
4.9. Application Performance Measurement MIB (APM MIB)
The APM MIB [APM] provides analysis of application performance as
experienced by end-users.
Application performance measurement measures the quality of service
delivered to end-users by applications. With this perspective, a
true end-to-end view of the IT infrastructure results, combining the
performance of the application, desktop, network, and server, as well
as any positive or negative interactions between these components.
Despite all the technically sophisticated ways in which networking
and system resources can be measured, human end-users perceive only
two things about an application: availability and responsiveness.
Availability - The percentage of the time that the application is
ready to give a user service.
Responsiveness - The speed at which the application delivers the
requested service.
The APM MIB includes the following functions:
The APM Application Directory Group
The APM Application Directory group contains configuration
objects for every application or application verb monitored on
this system.
The APM User Defined Applications Group
The APM User Defined Applications Group contains objects that
allow for the tracking of applications or application verbs
that are not registered in the protocolDirectoryTable.
The APM Report Group
The APM Report Group is used to prepare regular reports that
aggregate application performance by flow, by client, by
server, or by application.
The APM Transaction Group
The APM Transaction Group is used to show transactions that are
currently in progress and ones that have ended recently, along
with their responsiveness metric.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 14]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
One important benefit of this table is that it allows a
management station to check on the status of long-lived
transactions. Because the apmReport and apmException
mechanisms act only on transactions that have finished, a
network manager may not have visibility for some time into the
performance of long-lived transactions, such as streaming
applications, large data transfers, or (very) poorly performing
transactions. In fact, by their very definition, the apmReport
and apmException mechanisms only provide visibility into a
problem after nothing can be done about it.
The APM Exception Group
The APM Exception Group is used to generate immediate
notifications of transactions that cross certain thresholds.
The apmExceptionTable is used to configure which thresholds are
to be checked for which types of transactions. The
apmTransactionResponsivenessAlarm notification is sent when a
transaction occurs with a responsiveness that crosses a
threshold.
The apmTransactionUnsuccessfulAlarm notification is sent when a
transaction, for which exception checking was configured,
fails.
The APM Notification Group
The APM Notification Group contains 2 notifications that are
sent when thresholds in the APM Exception Table are exceeded.
4.10. RMON MIB Protocol Identifier Reference Extensions
The protocol identifier defined in RMON-2 [RFC2021] can identify any
protocol at any layer and its encapsulation. The protocol identifier
macro document [RFC2896] defines a convenient human readable and
machine parseable format for documenting well-known protocols.
For the most part, the protocol identifiers used by RMON-2
implementations have described protocols at any layer, including the
application layer, but have not gone any deeper into the application.
In order to differentiate an application's behavior while performing
different tasks (logging in vs. downloading, for example), it is
important to have a separate protocol identifier for each application
"verb". The macro defined in [RFC2896] is inconvenient for defining
application verbs because it assumes that most protocols are
identified by an integer type field and many or most applications use
other means for identifying verbs, including character strings.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 15]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
These extensions define another macro for defining application verbs
that are children of an application. The parent application can be
defined with the original protocol identifier macro and the
application verbs are defined with the new macro.
4.11. Transport Performance Metrics MIB (TPM MIB)
The TPM MIB [TPM] monitors selected performance metrics and
statistics derived from the monitoring of network packets and sub-
application level transactions. The MIB is defined to compliment the
APM reports by providing a 'drill-down' capability to better
understand selected applications' performance. The metrics are
defined through reference to existing IETF, ITU and other standards
organizations' documents. The monitoring covers both passive and
active traffic generation sources.
The TPM MIB includes the following functions:
The tpmCapabilities Group
The tpmCapabilitiesGroup contains objects and tables that show
the measurement protocol and metric capabilities of the agent.
The tpmAggregateReports Group
The tpmAggregateReportsGroup is used to provide the collection
of aggregated statistical measurements for the configured
report intervals.
The tpmCurrentReports Group
The tpmCurrentReportsGroup is used to provide the collection of
uncompleted measurements for the current configured report for
those transactions caught in progress. A history of these
transactions is also maintained once the current transaction
has completed.
The tpmExceptionReports Group
The tpmExceptionReportsGroup is used to link immediate
notifications of transactions that exceed certain thresholds
defined in the apmExceptionGroup [APM]. This group reports the
aggregated sub-application measurements for those applications
exceeding thresholds.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 16]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
4.12. Synthetic Sources for Performance Monitoring MIB (SSPM MIB)
The Synthetic Sources for Performance Monitoring MIB [SSPM] covers
the artificial generation of a) application-level, b) transport-
level, and c) link-level traffic for the purpose of monitoring system
performance. There are situations where it is useful to be able to
control the generation of synthetic traffic when evaluating system
performance. There are other situations where system performance
evaluation can rely upon naturally generated application-level
traffic, in which case one needs only monitor existing traffic and
not instrument synthetic traffic. The SSPM MIB provides the ability
to configure and control the generation of this synthetic traffic.
4.13. RMON MIB Extensions for High Capacity Alarms
There is a need for a standardized way of providing the same type of
alarm thresholding capabilities for Counter64 objects, as already
exists for Counter32 objects. The RMON-1 alarmTable objects and
RMON-1 notification types are specific to 32-bit objects, and cannot
be used to properly monitor Counter64-based objects. Extensions to
these existing constructs are needed which explicitly support
Counter64-based objects. These extensions are completely independent
of the existing RMON-1 alarm mechanisms.
This MIB [RFC3434] contains the following functions:
The hcAlarmControlObjects group
Controls the configuration of alarms for high capacity MIB
object instances.
The hcAlarmCapabilities group
Describes the high capacity alarm capabilities provided by the
agent.
The hcAlarmNotifications group
Provides new rising and falling threshold notifications for
high capacity objects.
4.14. Real-Time Application Quality of Service Monitoring
(RAQMON) MIB
There is a need to extend the RMON framework to monitor end devices
such as IP phones, pagers, Instant Message Clients, mobile phones,
and PDA devices. This memo proposes an extension of RMON Framework
to allow Real-time Application QoS information of these types of end
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 17]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
devices to be retrieved with SNMP, independent of the technology used
to perform the measurements. An end-to-end user experience of the
quality of service (QoS) and performance for such an application is a
combination of device performance, transport network performance and
specific application context.
RAQMON [RAQMON-FRAMEWORK] defines a common framework to identify a
set of application QoS parameters and a reporting mechanism using a
common protocol data unit (PDU) format used between a RAQMON Data
Source (RDS) and a RAQMON Report Collector (RRC) to report QOS
statistics using RTCP and SNMP as underlying transport protocol.
See the RAQMON MIB [RAQMON-MIB] for more information about its
components.
5. RMON Framework Components
The collection of documents in the RMON Framework are associated by
1) A common purpose and similar collection methodologies; and, 2) Use
of common infrastructure components.
These common infrastructure components are:
- MediaIndependent Table
- Protocol Directory
- appDirectory
- DataSource
- Capabilities
- Control Tables
5.1. MediaIndependent Table
While many data-link media types exist and they each have unique
features, there are many statistics that are common across most
media. For example, counts of packets and octets are interesting for
most media. The media independent table contains the most common
such statistics and forms a super class from which specific interface
types are inherited. This means that the common statistics can be
monitored even for media types that are unknown.
For example, if the mediaindependentTable had existed prior to the
definition of the etherStatsTable, the etherStatsTable could have
omitted the etherStatsDropEvents, etherStatsOctets, etherStatsPkts
objects.
The Media Independent Table is defined in the High Capacity RMON MIB
[RFC3434].
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 18]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
5.2. Protocol Directory
The second of the RMON infrastructure components is the Protocol
Directory Group defined in the RMON-2 MIB [RFC2021]. The main
objective of RMON-2 was to extend the remote network monitoring
agents capabilities beyond the link layer to higher level protocol
monitoring. This required a means to globally identify individual
protocol encapsulations. This capability is provided by the Protocol
Directory Group, specifically the protocolDirID found in the
protocolDirTable in the RMON-2 MIB.
The Protocol Directory allows the agent to provide an inventory of
the protocols that the agent can decode, count, categorize and time.
The directory and its objects are designed to allow for the addition,
deletion and configuration of the protocol encapsulations in the
directory list. Protocol Directory entries are identified primarily
by an object called the protocolDirID. The protocolDirID is a
hierarchically formatted OCTET STRING that globally identifies
individual protocol encapsulations. A protocol descriptor macro has
been defined in RFC 2895 [RFC2895] to describe the various protocol
layers supported in the protocolDirID protocol hierarchy. The
protocolDirID is defined as a tree built up from successive protocol
encapsulations. Each layer is identified by a 4-octet identifier
that identifies the child protocol within the context of the parent
protocol identified by the preceding identifiers.
Associated with each protocol layer in the protocolDirID is a 1-octet
parameter field. Each parameter identifies potential options
specific to that protocol, such as the agent's capability to count
fragmented packets correctly and to track sessions for port mapped
protocols, e.g., TFTP. These 1-octet parameter fields are
concatenated, in order, in the protocolDirParameters object.
The protocolDirTable index is comprised of the protocolDirID, the
protocolDirParameters and their associated length fields. The index
format is shown in Figure 3.
+---+--------------------------+---+---------------+
| c ! | c ! protocolDir |
| n ! protocolDirID | n ! Parameters |
| t ! | t ! |
+---+--------------------------+---+---------------+
Figure 3: the protocolDirTable INDEX format.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 19]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
An example protocolDirTable INDEX for SNMP over UDP over IP over
Ethernet is:
16.0.0.0.1.0.0.8.0.0.0.0.17.0.0.0.161.4.0.0.0.0
| | | | | | | |
+--+-------+-------+--------+---------+-+-------+
c ether2 ip udp snmp c param.
c = 1-subidentifier count field
Figure 4: A protocolDirTable INDEX example for
SNMP over UDP over IP over Ethernet.
The set of defined protocol layers currently described is found in
RFC 2896 [RFC2896]. RFC 2895 [RFC2895] defines a process for
submitting new protocols to add to the currently defined set.
Periodic updates to RFC 2896 will be published to incorporate new
protocol definitions that have been submitted. In fact, RFC 2896 is
the second version of the defined protocol macros, obsoleting RFC
2074 [RFC2074]. RFC 2895 also defines how to handle protocols that
do not map into this well-defined tree hierarchy built up from
encapsulation protocol identifiers. An example of such a protocol
encapsulation is RTP, which is mapped to specific UDP ports through a
separate signaling mechanism. These are handled by the ianaAssigned
protocols, as described in RFC 2895.
The protocolDirTable is defined (and used) in the RMON-2 MIB
[RFC2021], and is being used in other RMON WG MIBs, as well as other
IETF defined MIBs. Examples include the APM MIB [APM], the TPM MIB
[TPM] and the SSPM MIB [SSPM].
As mentioned in previous sections, the protocolDirID is being
extended in two ways. First, work is underway on a new set of
protocol descriptor macros to extend the protocol encapsulation model
to identify application layer verbs [RFC3395]. This extension was
motivated by the work on the APM MIB and the TPM MIB. Second, the
APM MIB defines the apmAppDirectoryTable that provides a directory of
applications that the agent can process. This is discussed further
in the following section. Combined, these extensions allow:
+ The APM MIB to define and monitor the end-user's view of
application performance.
+ The TPM MIB to clearly specify the sub-transactions that
comprise the application it monitors through the
tpmTransMetricDirTable.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 20]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
+ The SSPM MIB to generate synthetic application transactions by
importing the appLocalIndex from the APM MIB.
5.3. Application Directory and appLocalIndex
APM, TPM and related applications collect certain types of statistics
for each application or application verb they are decoding. Some
applications and application verbs are defined in the protocol
directory and thus get their own protocolID and a corresponding
protocolDirLocalIndex. Other application verbs are defined more
dynamically by entries in the apmHttpFilterTable or
apmUserDefinedAppTable. These dynamically defined applications do
not have protocolDirID's assigned to them.
The APM MIB [APM] defines an important index called the
appLocalIndex. For all application monitoring in the APM and TPM
MIBs, applications are identified by integer values of the
appLocalIndex. However, there is no single registry of applications
(as there is for protocols) because there are a few different
mechanisms through which an application may be registered. For each
value of appLocalIndex, a corresponding entry will exist in one of
several tables:
1. The protocolDirTable - Some values of appLocalIndex correspond
to protocolDirLocalIndex values assigned in the
protocolDirTable. Each of these corresponds to a protocol
defined by a protocolID.
2. The apmHttpFilterTable - Some values of appLocalIndex
correspond to apmHttpFilterAppLocalindex values assigned in the
apmHttpFilterTable. Each of these corresponds to an
application verb defined as a set of HTTP transactions that
match a set of filters.
3. The apmUserDefinedAppTable - Some values of appLocalIndex
correspond to index values of the apmUserDefinedAppTable. Each
of them corresponds to an application or application verb
defined in a user-defined way.
Each value of appLocalIndex will only be registered in one of these
tables. In effect, the appLocalIndex number space is the union of
these number spaces, where these tables must work together to avoid
assigning overlapping (duplicate) appLocalIndexes.
Each unique appLocalIndex value is also registered in the
apmAppDirectoryTable, where a number of attributes of the application
may be configured.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 21]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
5.4. Data Source
Most RMON functions use a DataSource as a pointer to the entity from
which data is to be collected. The DataSource is an object
identifier that identifies one of three types of data sources:
ifIndex.<I>
Traditional RMON dataSources. Called 'port-based' for
ifType.<I> not equal to 'propVirtual(53)'. <I> is the ifIndex
value.
smonVlanDataSource.<V>
A dataSource of this form refers to a 'Packet-based VLAN' and
is called a 'VLAN-based' dataSource. <V> is the VLAN ID as
defined by the IEEE 802.1Q standard. The value is between 1
and 4094 inclusive, and it represents an 802.1Q VLAN-ID with a
global scope within a given bridged domain, as defined by
802.1Q.
entPhysicalEntry.<N>
A dataSource of this form refers to a physical entity within
the agent and is called an 'entity-based' dataSource. <N> is
the value of the entPhysicalIndex in the entPhysicalTable.
5.5. Capabilities
Probe Capabilities objects have been introduced in the RMON MIB
modules with the goal of helping applications determine the
capabilities of the different probes in the domain. These objects
use a BITS syntax (with the exception of some of the objects in the
TPM and SSPM MIBs), and list in an explicit manner the MIB groups
supported by the probe, as well as functional capabilities of the
specific RMON agents. By reading the values of these objects, it is
possible for applications to know which RMON functions are usable
without going through a trial-and-error process that can result in
loss of time and bandwidth in the operational flow. These objects
have the MAX-ACCESS of read-only, which defines their use as an
indication of what is supported by a probe, and not a means to
configure the probe for operational modes. An RMON agent SHOULD
initiate the capabilities objects at agent initialization and SHOULD
NOT modify the objects during operation.
The probeCapabilities object in the RMON-2 MIB describes the
capabilities of probes that support RMON, Token-Ring RMON and RMON-2.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 22]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
The smonCapabilities object in the SMON MIB describes the SMON-
specific capabilities of probes that support the SMON MIB.
The dataSourceCapsTable in the SMON MIB defines the capabilities of
the SMON data sources on probes that support the RMON MIB.
The interfaceTopNCaps object in the Interface TopN MIB defines the
sorting capabilities supported by an agent that supports the
Interface TopN MIB.
The dsmonCapabilities object in the DSMON MIB provides an indication
of the DSMON groups supported by an agent that supports the DSMON
MIB.
The tpmCapabilitiesGroup contains objects and tables, which show the
measurement protocol and metric capabilities of an agent that
supports the TPM MIB.
The sspmCapabilitiesTable indicates whether a device supporting the
SSPM MIB supports SSPM configuration of the corresponding
AppLocalIndex.
The hcAlarmCapabilities object provides an indication of the high
capacity alarm capabilities supported by an agent that supports the
HC-Alarm MIB.
5.6. Control Tables
Due to the complex nature of the available functions in the RMON MIB
modules, these functions often need user configuration. In many
cases, the function requires parameters to be set up for a data
collection operation. The operation can proceed only after these
parameters are fully set up.
Many functional groups in the RMON MIBs have one or more tables in
which to set up control parameters, and one or more data tables in
which to place the results of the operation. The control tables are
typically read-write in nature, while the data tables are typically
read-only. Because the parameters in the control table often
describe resulting data in the data table, many of the parameters can
be modified only when the control entry is invalid. Thus, the method
for modifying these parameters is to invalidate the control entry,
causing its deletion and the deletion of any associated data entries,
and then create a new control entry with the proper parameters.
Deleting the control entry also gives a convenient method for
reclaiming the resources used by the associated data.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 23]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
To facilitate control by multiple managers, resources have to be
shared among the managers. These resources are typically the memory
and computation resources that a function requires.
Two facilities are used to ease cooperation between multiple managers
as they create and use control tables. The first is the use of
EntryStatus or RowStatus objects that guarantee that two managers can
avoid creating the same control entry. The second is the use of
OwnerString objects in control tables that provides the following
benefits:
1. Provides information to facilitate sharing of already existing
control entries instead of creating a new but identical entry.
2. Provides information to allow the ultimate human owners of
control entries to identify each other so they can cooperate in
cases of conflict over resources.
3. Provides information to allow software to identify control
entries that it owns but has forgotten about (e.g., due to a
crash or other error) so that it can re-use or free them.
4. Provides information to allow an administrator to make an
informed decision to override someone else's control entry when
circumstances make it necessary.
5. Provides information to identify control entries that are set
up automatically when the device starts up.
See the RMON MIB [RFC2819] for further information on the use of
control tables, EntryStatus/RowStatus, and OwnerStrings.
6. Relationship of the SSPM MIB with the APM and TPM MIBs
While APM and TPM may monitor actual traffic generated by end-users
on the network, they may also monitor synthetically generated
traffic. The SSPM MIB provides a mechanism for the generation of
synthetic traffic but no mechanism for monitoring - the task of
monitoring the generated traffic is deferred to the APM and TPM MIBs.
Figure 5 shows an overview of the components of the SSPM MIB
architecture, including the roles played by the APM and TPM MIBs.
The RMON documents address the "Control-Level" in this diagram and
some aspects of the "Synchronization Control-Level". The underlying
"Instrumentation-Level" is implementation dependent and outside the
domain of the RMON specifications.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 24]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
+----------------+
+-------------| Application |-------------+
| +----------------+ |
| | |
+--------------------------------+ |
| Synchronization Control | |
+--------------------------------+ |
| | |
V V V
+------------------+ +------------------+ +--------------+
|Traffic Generation| |Monitoring Metrics| |Data Reduction|
| Control | | Control | | Control |
+------------------+ +------------------+ +--------------+
| ^ | ^ | ^
| | | | | |
V | V | V |
+------------------+ +------------------+ +---------------+
|Traffic Generation| |Monitoring Metrics| |Data Reduction |
| Instrumentation| | Instrumentation| +-->|Instrumentation|
+------------------+ +------------------+ | +---------------+
| |
| |
Various levels | |
and span +-----------|
|
|
V
Reports
Figure 5: An SSPM Performance Monitoring System
It is the responsibility of the network management application to
coordinate the individual aspects of the performance management
system.
Within the APM, TPM, and SSPM set of RMON MIB modules:
+ APM MIB [APM] is responsible for the aspects of the "Monitoring
Metrics Control" directly related to the end-user's perceived
application-level performance. The APM MIB also handles
aspects of "Data Reduction Control" and "Reports". Finally,
when TPM MIB relies upon the control tables in the APM MIB for
its own control, then APM MIB is providing some aspects of
"Synchronization Control" of the reports from these two MIBs.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 25]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
+ TPM MIB [TPM] is responsible for the aspects of the "Monitoring
Metrics Control". TPM MIB also handles aspects of "Data
Reduction Control" and "Reports" related to sub-application-
level transactions. Synchronization control with APM MIB is
provided by opting to rely on the APM MIB control tables within
the TPM MIB.
+ SSPM MIB [SSPM] is responsible for the "Traffic Generation
Control" in the event that synthetic traffic is to be
monitored. The other, most common, option is to monitor
natural, user-generated traffic.
The "Monitor Metrics Control" is essentially hard-coded in the APM
MIB. Within the TPM MIB, a metrics table is used to identify the
metrics monitored within a specific implementation of the TPM MIB.
The "Data Reduction Control" is essentially hard-coded within the MIB
structure of the APM MIB and the TPM MIB. These MIBs strictly
specify the statistics to be reported within a set of report tables.
Both the TPM MIB and the SSPM MIB rely upon the APM MIB's
appLocalIndex to specify the application being monitored or
generated. The APM MIB provides the end-user view of the application
performance, e.g., the Whois transaction time. The TPM MIB, through
its tpmTransMetricDirTable, identifies a set of sub-application level
transactions and their metrics, which are associated with the
application. E.g., an implementation of the TPM MIB could report the
DNS lookup time, the TCP connect time (to the Whois Server), the
Whois Req/Resp download time. The SSPM MIB could be configured to
generate synthetically, these Whois transactions.
The testing model then is to first configure the traffic generation
instrumentation through the SSPM MIB control function. This defines
aspects of the synthetic traffic such as application type, targets,
etc. Once the traffic generation is configured, the network
management application can setup the monitoring instrumentation
through the APM MIB and TPM MIB. These control the reporting
periods, the type of data aggregation, etc. Once the tests are
complete, the network management application retrieves the reports
from the monitoring metrics control MIBs, e.g., APM MIB and TPM MIB.
7. Acknowledgements
This memo is a product of the RMON MIB working group. In addition,
the authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions by Lester
D'Souza of NetScout Systems, Inc.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 26]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2819] Waldbusser, S., "Remote Network Monitoring
Management Information Base", STD 59, RFC 2819,
May 2000.
8.2. Informative References
[RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process --
Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
[RFC2578] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D. and J. Schoenwaelder,
Eds., "Structure of Management Information Version
2 (SMIv2)", STD 58, RFC 2578, April 1999.
[RFC2579] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D. and J. Schoenwaelder,
J., Eds., "Textual Conventions for SMIv2", STD 58,
RFC 2579, April 1999.
[RFC2580] McCloghrie, K., Perkins, D. and J. Schoenwaelder,
J., Eds., "Conformance Statements for SMIv2", STD
58, RFC 2580, April 1999.
[RFC3410] Case, J., Mundy, R., Partain, D. and B. Stewart,
"Introduction and Applicability Statements for
Internet-Standard Management Framework", RFC 3410,
December 2002.
[RFC1513] Waldbusser, S., "Token Ring Extensions to the
Remote Network Monitoring MIB", RFC 1513,
September 1993.
[RFC2021] Waldbusser, S., "Remote Network Monitoring
Management Information Base Version 2 using
SMIv2", RFC 2021, January 1997.
[RFC2895] Bierman, A., Bucci, C. and R. Iddon, "Remote
Network Monitoring Management Information Base
Protocol Identification Reference", RFC 2895,
August 2000.
[RFC2896] Bierman, A., Bucci, C. and R. Iddon, "Remote
Network Monitoring MIB Protocol Identifier
Macros", RFC 2896, August 2000.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 27]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
[RFC2613] Waterman, R., Lahaye, B., Romascanu, D. and S.
Waldbusser, "Remote Network Monitoring MIB
Extensions for Switched Networks Version 1.0", RFC
2613, June 1999.
[RFC3144] Waldbusser, S., "Remote Monitoring MIB Extensions
for Interface Parameters Monitoring", RFC 3144,
August 2001.
[RFC3287] Bierman, A., "Remote Monitoring MIB Extensions for
Differentiated Services", RFC 3287, July 2002.
[RFC3273] Waldbusser, S., "Remote Network Monitoring
Management Information Base for High Capacity
Networks", RFC 3273, July 2002.
[APM] Waldbusser, S., "Application performance
measurement MIB", Work in Progress.
[RFC3395] Bierman, A., Bucci, C., Dietz, R. and A. Warth,
"Remote Network Monitoring MIB Protocol Identifier
Reference Extensions", RFC 3395, September 2002.
[TPM] Dietz, R. and R.G.Cole, "Application Performance
Measurement Framework Transport Performance
Metrics MIB", Work in Progress.
[SSPM] Kalbfleisch, K., Cole, R.G. and D. Romascanu,
"Definition of Managed Objects for Synthetic
Sources for Performance Monitoring Algorithms",
Work in Progress.
[RFC3434] Bierman, A. and K. McCloghrie, "Remote Monitoring
MIB Extensions for High Capacity Alarms", RFC
3434, December 2002.
[RFC2233] McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces
Group MIB Using SMIv2", RFC 2233, November 1997.
[RFC2863] McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces
Group MIB", RFC 2863, June 2000.
[RFC2330] Paxson, V., Almes, G., Mahdavi, J. and M. Mathis,
"Framework for IP Performance Metrics", RFC 2330,
May 1998.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 28]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
[OWDP] Shalunov, S., Teitelbaum, B. and M. Zekauskas, "A
One-way Active Measurement Protocol", Work in
Progress.
[RAQMON-FRAMEWORK] Siddiqui, A., Romascanu, D. and E. Golovinsky,
"Real-time Application Quality of Service
Monitoring (RAQMON) Framework", Work in Progress.
[RAQMON-MIB] Siddiqui, A., Romascanu, D., Golovinsky, E. and R.
Smith, "Real-Time Application Quality of Service
Monitoring (RAQMON) MIB", Work in Progress.
9. Security Considerations
This document is a description of existing documents and as such it
does not have any security impact. In order to understand the
security-related issues of the different RMON documents, the reader
is directed to the Security Considerations sections of the respective
documents.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 29]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
10. Authors' Addresses
Steve Waldbusser
Phone: +1 650-948-6500
Fax: +1 650-745-0671
EMail: waldbusser@nextbeacon.com
Carl W. Kalbfleisch
NTT/VERIO
8700 Stemmons Freeway, Suite 211
Dallas, TX 75247
United States
Phone: +1 972-906-2034
EMail: cwk@verio.net
Robert G. Cole
AT&T Labs
Network Design and Performance Analysis Department
330 Saint John Street, 2nd Floor
Havre de Grace, MD 21078
United States
Phone: +1 410-939-8732
Fax: +1 410-939-8732
EMail: rgcole@att.com
Dan Romascanu
Avaya
Atidim Technology Park, Bldg. #3
Tel Aviv, 61131
Israel
Phone: +972-3-645-8414
EMail: dromasca@avaya.com
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 30]
RFC 3577 Introduction to RMON August 2003
11. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assignees.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Waldbusser, et al. Informational [Page 31]
Hosting by: Hurra Communications Ltd.
Generated: 2007-01-26 17:59:41
