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RFC 2376
Network Working Group E. Whitehead
Request for Comments: 2376 UC Irvine
Category: Informational M. Murata
Fuji Xerox Info. Systems
July 1998
XML Media Types
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document proposes two new media subtypes, text/xml and
application/xml, for use in exchanging network entities which are
conforming Extensible Markup Language (XML). XML entities are
currently exchanged via the HyperText Transfer Protocol on the World
Wide Web, are an integral part of the WebDAV protocol for remote web
authoring, and are expected to have utility in many domains.
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................2
2 NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS ..........................................3
3 XML MEDIA TYPES .................................................3
3.1 Text/xml Registration ........................................3
3.2 Application/xml Registration .................................6
4 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS .........................................8
5 THE BYTE ORDER MARK (BOM) AND CONVERSIONS TO/FROM UTF-16 ........9
6 EXAMPLES ........................................................9
6.1 text/xml with UTF-8 Charset .................................10
6.2 text/xml with UTF-16 Charset ................................10
6.3 text/xml with ISO-2022-KR Charset ...........................10
6.4 text/xml with Omitted Charset ...............................11
6.5 application/xml with UTF-16 Charset .........................11
6.6 application/xml with ISO-2022-KR Charset ....................11
6.7 application/xml with Omitted Charset and UTF-16 XML Entity ..12
6.8 application/xml with Omitted Charset and UTF-8 Entity .......12
6.9 application/xml with Omitted Charset and Internal Encoding
Declaration.......................................................12
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7 REFERENCES .....................................................13
8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................14
9 ADDRESSES OF AUTHORS ...........................................14
10 FULL COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ......................................15
1 Introduction
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has issued a Recommendation
[REC-XML] which defines the Extensible Markup Language (XML), version
1. To enable the exchange of XML network entities, this document
proposes two new media types, text/xml and application/xml.
XML entities are currently exchanged on the World Wide Web, and XML
is also used for property values and parameter marshalling by the
WebDAV protocol for remote web authoring. Thus, there is a need for a
media type to properly label the exchange of XML network entities.
(Note that, as sometimes happens between two communities, both MIME
and XML have defined the term entity, with different meanings.)
Although XML is a subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language
(SGML) [ISO-8897], and currently is assigned the media types
text/sgml and application/sgml, there are several reasons why use of
text/sgml or application/sgml to label XML is inappropriate. First,
there exist many applications which can process XML, but which cannot
process SGML, due to SGML's larger feature set. Second, SGML
applications cannot always process XML entities, because XML uses
features of recent technical corrigenda to SGML. Third, the
definition of text/sgml and application/sgml [RFC-1874] includes
parameters for SGML bit combination transformation format (SGML-
bctf), and SGML boot attribute (SGML-boot). Since XML does not use
these parameters, it would be ambiguous if such parameters were given
for an XML entity. For these reasons, the best approach for labeling
XML network entities is to provide new media types for XML.
Since XML is an integral part of the WebDAV Distributed Authoring
Protocol, and since World Wide Web Consortium Recommendations have
conventionally been assigned IETF tree media types, and since similar
media types (HTML, SGML) have been assigned IETF tree media types,
the XML media types also belong in the IETF media types tree.
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2 Notational Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC-2119].
3 XML Media Types
This document introduces two new media types for XML entities,
text/xml and application/xml. Registration information for these
media types are described in the sections below.
Every XML entity is suitable for use with the application/xml media
type without modification. But this does not exploit the fact that
XML can be treated as plain text in many cases. MIME user agents
(and web user agents) that do not have explicit support for
application/xml will treat it as application/octet-stream, for
example, by offering to save it to a file.
To indicate that an XML entity should be treated as plain text by
default, use the text/xml media type. This restricts the encoding
used in the XML entity to those that are compatible with the
requirements for text media types as described in [RFC-2045] and
[RFC-2046], e.g., UTF-8, but not UTF-16 (except for HTTP).
XML provides a general framework for defining sequences of structured
data. In some cases, it may be desirable to define new media types
which use XML but define a specific application of XML, perhaps due
to domain-specific security considerations or runtime information.
This document does not prohibit future media types dedicated to such
XML applications. However, developers of such media types are
recommended to use this document as a basis. In particular, the
charset parameter should be used in the same manner.
Within the XML specification, XML entities can be classified into
four types. In the XML terminology, they are called "document
entities", "external DTD subsets", "external parsed entities", and
"external parameter entities". The media types text/xml and
application/xml can be used for any of these four types.
3.1 Text/xml Registration
MIME media type name: text
MIME subtype name: xml
Mandatory parameters: none
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Optional parameters: charset
Although listed as an optional parameter, the use of the charset
parameter is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED, since this information can be
used by XML processors to determine authoritatively the character
encoding of the XML entity. The charset parameter can also be used
to provide protocol-specific operations, such as charset-based
content negotiation in HTTP. "UTF-8" [RFC-2279] is the
recommended value, representing the UTF-8 charset. UTF-8 is
supported by all conforming XML processors [REC-XML].
If the XML entity is transmitted via HTTP, which uses a MIME-like
mechanism that is exempt from the restrictions on the text top-
level type (see section 19.4.1 of HTTP 1.1 [RFC-2068]), "UTF-16"
(Appendix C.3 of [UNICODE] and Amendment 1 of [ISO-10646]) is also
recommended. UTF-16 is supported by all conforming XML processors
[REC-XML]. Since the handling of CR, LF and NUL for text types in
most MIME applications would cause undesired transformations of
individual octets in UTF-16 multi-octet characters, gateways from
HTTP to these MIME applications MUST transform the XML entity from
a text/xml; charset="utf-16" to application/xml; charset="utf-16".
Conformant with [RFC-2046], if a text/xml entity is received with
the charset parameter omitted, MIME processors and XML processors
MUST use the default charset value of "us-ascii". In cases where
the XML entity is transmitted via HTTP, the default charset value
is still "us-ascii".
Since the charset parameter is authoritative, the charset is not
always declared within an XML encoding declaration. Thus, special
care is needed when the recipient strips the MIME header and
provides persistent storage of the received XML entity (e.g., in a
file system). Unless the charset is UTF-8 or UTF-16, the recipient
SHOULD also persistently store information about the charset,
perhaps by embedding a correct XML encoding declaration within the
XML entity.
Encoding considerations:
This media type MAY be encoded as appropriate for the charset and
the capabilities of the underlying MIME transport. For 7-bit
transports, data in both UTF-8 and UTF-16 is encoded in quoted-
printable or base64. For 8-bit clean transport (e.g., ESMTP,
8BITMIME, or NNTP), UTF-8 is not encoded, but UTF-16 is base64
encoded. For binary clean transports (e.g., HTTP), no content-
transfer-encoding is necessary.
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Security considerations:
See section 4 below.
Interoperability considerations:
XML has proven to be interoperable across WebDAV clients and
servers, and for import and export from multiple XML authoring
tools.
Published specification: see [REC-XML]
Applications which use this media type:
XML is device-, platform-, and vendor-neutral and is supported by
a wide range of Web user agents, WebDAV clients and servers, as
well as XML authoring tools.
Additional information:
Magic number(s): none
Although no byte sequences can be counted on to always be present,
XML entities in ASCII-compatible charsets (including UTF-8) often
begin with hexadecimal 3C 3F 78 6D 6C ("<?xml"). For more
information, see Appendix F of [REC-XML].
File extension(s): .xml, .dtd
Macintosh File Type Code(s): "TEXT"
Person & email address for further information:
Dan Connolly <connolly@w3.org>
Murata Makoto (Family Given) <murata@fxis.fujixerox.co.jp>
Intended usage: COMMON
Author/Change controller:
The XML specification is a work product of the World Wide Web
Consortium's XML Working Group, and was edited by:
Tim Bray <tbray@textuality.com>
Jean Paoli <jeanpa@microsoft.com>
C. M. Sperberg-McQueen <cmsmcq@uic.edu>
The W3C, and the W3C XML working group, has change control over
the XML specification.
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3.2 Application/xml Registration
MIME media type name: application
MIME subtype name: xml
Mandatory parameters: none
Optional parameters: charset
Although listed as an optional parameter, the use of the charset
parameter is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED, since this information can be
used by XML processors to determine authoritatively the charset of
the XML entity. The charset parameter can also be used to provide
protocol-specific operations, such as charset-based content
negotiation in HTTP.
"UTF-8" [RFC-2279] and "UTF-16" (Appendix C.3 of [UNICODE] and
Amendment 1 of [ISO-10646]) are the recommended values,
representing the UTF-8 and UTF-16 charsets, respectively. These
charsets are preferred since they are supported by all conforming
XML processors [REC-XML].
If an application/xml entity is received where the charset
parameter is omitted, no information is being provided about the
charset by the MIME Content-Type header. Conforming XML processors
MUST follow the requirements in section 4.3.3 of [REC-XML] which
directly address this contingency. However, MIME processors which
are not XML processors should not assume a default charset if the
charset parameter is omitted from an application/xml entity.
Since the charset parameter is authoritative, the charset is not
always declared within an XML encoding declaration. Thus, special
care is needed when the recipient strips the MIME header and
provides persistent storage of the received XML entity (e.g., in a
file system). Unless the charset is UTF-8 or UTF-16, the
recipient SHOULD also persistently store information about the
charset, perhaps by embedding a correct XML encoding declaration
within the XML entity.
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Encoding considerations:
This media type MAY be encoded as appropriate for the charset and
the capabilities of the underlying MIME transport. For 7-bit
transports, data in both UTF-8 and UTF-16 is encoded in quoted-
printable or base64. For 8-bit clean transport (e.g., ESMTP,
8BITMIME, or NNTP), UTF-8 is not encoded, but UTF-16 is base64
encoded. For binary clean transport (e.g., HTTP), no content-
transfer-encoding is necessary.
Security considerations:
See section 4 below.
Interoperability considerations:
XML has proven to be interoperable for import and export from
multiple XML authoring tools.
Published specification: see [REC-XML]
Applications which use this media type:
XML is device-, platform-, and vendor-neutral and is supported by
a wide range of Web user agents and XML authoring tools.
Additional information:
Magic number(s): none
Although no byte sequences can be counted on to always be present,
XML entities in ASCII-compatible charsets (including UTF-8) often
begin with hexadecimal 3C 3F 78 6D 6C ("<?xml"), and those in
UTF-16 often begin with hexadecimal FE FF 00 3C 00 3F 00 78 00 6D
or FF FE 3C 00 3F 00 78 00 6D 00 (the Byte Order Mark (BOM)
followed by "<?xml"). For more information, see Annex F of [REC-
XML].
File extension(s): .xml, .dtd
Macintosh File Type Code(s): "TEXT"
Person & email address for further information:
Dan Connolly <connolly@w3.org>
Murata Makoto (Family Given) <murata@fxis.fujixerox.co.jp>
Intended usage: COMMON
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Author/Change controller:
The XML specification is a work product of the World Wide Web
Consortium's XML Working Group, and was edited by:
Tim Bray <tbray@textuality.com>
Jean Paoli <jeanpa@microsoft.com>
C. M. Sperberg-McQueen <cmsmcq@uic.edu>
The W3C, and the W3C XML working group, has change control over
the XML specification.
4 Security Considerations
XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as
specified in [RFC-1874].
To paraphrase section 3 of [RFC-1874], XML entities contain
information to be parsed and processed by the recipient's XML system.
These entities may contain and such systems may permit explicit
system level commands to be executed while processing the data. To
the extent that an XML system will execute arbitrary command strings,
recipients of XML entities may be at risk. In general, it may be
possible to specify commands that perform unauthorized file
operations or make changes to the display processor's environment
that affect subsequent operations.
Use of XML is expected to be varied, and widespread. XML is under
scrutiny by a wide range of communities for use as a common syntax
for community-specific metadata. For example, the Dublin Core group
is using XML for document metadata, and a new effort has begun which
is considering use of XML for medical information. Other groups view
XML as a mechanism for marshalling parameters for remote procedure
calls. More uses of XML will undoubtedly arise.
Security considerations will vary by domain of use. For example, XML
medical records will have much more stringent privacy and security
considerations than XML library metadata. Similarly, use of XML as a
parameter marshalling syntax necessitates a case by case security
review.
XML may also have some of the same security concerns as plain text.
Like plain text, XML can contain escape sequences which, when
displayed, have the potential to change the display processor
environment in ways that adversely affect subsequent operations.
Possible effects include, but are not limited to, locking the
keyboard, changing display parameters so subsequent displayed text is
unreadable, or even changing display parameters to deliberately
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obscure or distort subsequent displayed material so that its meaning
is lost or altered. Display processors should either filter such
material from displayed text or else make sure to reset all important
settings after a given display operation is complete.
Some terminal devices have keys whose output, when pressed, can be
changed by sending the display processor a character sequence. If
this is possible the display of a text object containing such
character sequences could reprogram keys to perform some illicit or
dangerous action when the key is subsequently pressed by the user.
In some cases not only can keys be programmed, they can be triggered
remotely, making it possible for a text display operation to directly
perform some unwanted action. As such, the ability to program keys
should be blocked either by filtering or by disabling the ability to
program keys entirely.
Note that it is also possible to construct XML documents which make
use of what XML terms "entity references" (using the XML meaning of
the term "entity", which differs from the MIME definition of this
term), to construct repeated expansions of text. Recursive expansions
are prohibited [REC-XML] and XML processors are required to detect
them. However, even non-recursive expansions may cause problems with
the finite computing resources of computers, if they are performed
many times.
5 The Byte Order Mark (BOM) and Conversions to/from UTF-16
The XML Recommendation, in section 4.3.3, specifies that UTF-16 XML
entities must begin with a byte order mark (BOM), which is the ZERO
WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE character, hexadecimal sequence 0xFEFF (or
0xFFFE, depending on endian). The XML Recommendation further states
that the BOM is an encoding signature, and is not part of either the
markup or the character data of the XML document.
Due to the BOM, applications which convert XML from the UTF-16
encoding to another encoding SHOULD strip the BOM before conversion.
Similarly, when converting from another encoding into UTF-16, the BOM
SHOULD be added after conversion is complete.
6 Examples
The examples below give the value of the Content-type MIME header and
the XML declaration (which includes the encoding declaration) inside
the XML entity. For UTF-16 examples, the Byte Order Mark character
is denoted as "{BOM}", and the XML declaration is assumed to come at
the beginning of the XML entity, immediately following the BOM. Note
that other MIME headers may be present, and the XML entity may
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contain other data in addition to the XML declaration; the examples
focus on the Content-type header and the encoding declaration for
clarity.
6.1 text/xml with UTF-8 Charset
Content-type: text/xml; charset="utf-8"
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
This is the recommended charset value for use with text/xml. Since
the charset parameter is provided, MIME and XML processors must treat
the enclosed entity as UTF-8 encoded.
If sent using a 7-bit transport (e.g. SMTP), the XML entity must use
a content-transfer-encoding of either quoted-printable or base64.
For an 8-bit clean transport (e.g., ESMTP, 8BITMIME, or NNTP), or a
binary clean transport (e.g., HTTP) no content-transfer-encoding is
necessary.
6.2 text/xml with UTF-16 Charset
Content-type: text/xml; charset="utf-16"
{BOM}<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-16'?>
This is possible only when the XML entity is transmitted via HTTP,
which uses a MIME-like mechanism and is a binary-clean protocol,
hence does not perform CR and LF transformations and allows NUL
octets. This differs from typical text MIME type processing (see
section 19.4.1 of HTTP 1.1 [RFC-2068] for details).
Since HTTP is binary clean, no content-transfer-encoding is
necessary.
6.3 text/xml with ISO-2022-KR Charset
Content-type: text/xml; charset="iso-2022-kr"
<?xml version="1.0" encoding='iso-2022-kr'?>
This example shows text/xml with a Korean charset (e.g., Hangul)
encoded following the specification in [RFC-1557]. Since the charset
parameter is provided, MIME and XML processors must treat the
enclosed entity as encoded per [RFC-1557].
Since ISO-2022-KR has been defined to use only 7 bits of data, no
content-transfer-encoding is necessary with any transport.
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6.4 text/xml with Omitted Charset
Content-type: text/xml
{BOM}<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>
This example shows text/xml with the charset parameter omitted. In
this case, MIME and XML processors must assume the charset is "us-
ascii", the default charset value for text media types specified in
[RFC-2046]. The default of "us-ascii" holds even if the text/xml
entity is transported using HTTP.
Omitting the charset parameter is NOT RECOMMENDED for text/xml. For
example, even if the contents of the XML entity are UTF-16 or UTF-8,
or the XML entity has an explicit encoding declaration, XML and MIME
processors must assume the charset is "us-ascii".
6.5 application/xml with UTF-16 Charset
Content-type: application/xml; charset="utf-16"
{BOM}<?xml version="1.0"?>
This is a recommended charset value for use with application/xml.
Since the charset parameter is provided, MIME and XML processors must
treat the enclosed entity as UTF-16 encoded.
If sent using a 7-bit transport (e.g., SMTP) or an 8-bit clean
transport (e.g., ESMTP, 8BITMIME, or NNTP), the XML entity must be
encoded in quoted-printable or base64. For a binary clean transport
(e.g., HTTP), no content-transfer-encoding is necessary.
6.6 application/xml with ISO-2022-KR Charset
Content-type: application/xml; charset="iso-2022-kr"
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-2022-kr"?>
This example shows application/xml with a Korean charset (e.g.,
Hangul) encoded following the specification in [RFC-1557]. Since the
charset parameter is provided, MIME and XML processors must treat the
enclosed entity as encoded per [RFC-1557], independent of whether the
XML entity has an internal encoding declaration (this example does
show such a declaration, which agrees with the charset parameter).
Since ISO-2022-KR has been defined to use only 7 bits of data, no
content-transfer-encoding is necessary with any transport.
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6.7 application/xml with Omitted Charset and UTF-16 XML Entity
Content-type: application/xml
{BOM}<?xml version='1.0'?>
For this example, the XML entity begins with a BOM. Since the
charset has been omitted, a conforming XML processor follows the
requirements of [REC-XML], section 4.3.3. Specifically, the XML
processor reads the BOM, and thus knows deterministically that the
charset encoding is UTF-16.
An XML-unaware MIME processor should make no assumptions about the
charset of the XML entity.
6.8 application/xml with Omitted Charset and UTF-8 Entity
Content-type: application/xml
<?xml version='1.0'?>
In this example, the charset parameter has been omitted, and there is
no BOM. Since there is no BOM, the XML processor follows the
requirements in section 4.3.3, and optionally applies the mechanism
described in appendix F (which is non-normative) of [REC-XML] to
determine the charset encoding of UTF-8. The XML entity does not
contain an encoding declaration, but since the encoding is UTF-8,
this is still a conforming XML entity.
An XML-unaware MIME processor should make no assumptions about the
charset of the XML entity.
6.9 application/xml with Omitted Charset and Internal Encoding
Declaration
Content-type: application/xml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding="ISO-10646-UCS-4"?>
In this example, the charset parameter has been omitted, and there is
no BOM. However, the XML entity does have an encoding declaration
inside the XML entity which specifies the entity's charset. Following
the requirements in section 4.3.3, and optionally applying the
mechanism described in appendix F (non-normative) of [REC-XML], the
XML processor determines the charset encoding of the XML entity (in
this example, UCS-4).
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An XML-unaware MIME processor should make no assumptions about the
charset of the XML entity.
7 References
[ISO-10646] ISO/IEC, Information Technology - Universal Multiple-
Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - Part 1: Architecture
and Basic Multilingual Plane, May 1993.
[ISO-8897] ISO (International Organization for Standardization) ISO
8879:1986(E) Information Processing -- Text and Office
Systems -- Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).
First edition -- 1986- 10-15.
[REC-XML] T. Bray, J. Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, "Extensible
Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium
Recommendation REC- xml-19980210.
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210.
[RFC-1557] Choi, U., Chon, K., and H. Park. "Korean Character
Encoding for Internet Messages", RFC 1557. December,
1993.
[RFC-1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874. December
1995.
[RFC-2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC-2045] Freed, N., and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message
Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.
[RFC-2046] Freed, N., and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
November 1996.
[RFC-2068] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., and T.
Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1",
RFC 2068, January 1997.
[RFC-2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", RFC 2279, January 1998.
[UNICODE] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard -- Version
2.0", Addison-Wesley, 1996.
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8 Acknowledgements
Chris Newman and Yaron Y. Goland both contributed content to the
security considerations section of this document. In particular,
some text in the security considerations section is copied verbatim
from work in progress, draft-newman-mime-textpara-00, by permission
of the author. Chris Newman additionally contributed content to the
encoding considerations sections. Dan Connolly contributed content
discussing when to use text/xml. Discussions with Ned Freed and Dan
Connolly helped refine the author's understanding of the text media
type; feedback from Larry Masinter was also very helpful in
understanding media type registration issues.
Members of the W3C XML Working Group and XML Special Interest group
have made significant contributions to this document, and the authors
would like to specially recognize James Clark, Martin Duerst, Rick
Jelliffe, Gavin Nicol for their many thoughtful comments.
9 Addresses of Authors
E. James Whitehead, Jr.
Dept. of Information and Computer Science
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, CA 92697-3425
EMail: ejw@ics.uci.edu
Murata Makoto (Family Given)
Fuji Xerox Information Systems,
KSP 9A7, 2-1, Sakado 3-chome, Takatsu-ku,
Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken,
213 Japan
EMail: murata@fxis.fujixerox.co.jp
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10 Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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