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RFC 2171
Network Working Group K. Murakami
Request for Comments: 2171 M. Maruyama
Category: Informational NTT Laboratories
June 1997
MAPOS - Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH Version 1
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
Authors' Note
This memo documents a multiple access protocol for transmission of
network-protocol datagrams, encapsulated in High-Level Data Link
Control (HDLC) frames, over SONET/SDH. This document is NOT the
product of an IETF working group nor is it a standards track
document. It has not necessarily benefited from the widespread and
in depth community review that standards track documents receive.
Abstract
This document describes the protocol MAPOS, Multiple Access Protocol
over SONET/SDH, for transmitting network-protocol datagrams over
SONET/SDH. It focuses on the core protocol -- other documents listed
in the bibliography may be referenced in conjunction with this
document to provide support and services for protocols at higher
layers.
1. Introduction
1.1 SONET/SDH
The Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
(SONET/SDH) [1][2][3][4] family of ITU-T standard protocols are
designed to provide common, simple, and flexible interface for
broadband optical fiber transmission systems. It enables direct
octet-synchronous multiplexing of lower rate tributaries.
SONET/SDH-compliant transmission systems are widely deployed by
telephone carriers world wide.
This document defines the MAPOS protocol -- a method for transmitting
HDLC frames over SONET/SDH. The protocol provides multiple access
capability to SONET/SDH, an inherently point-to-point link. This
enables construction of seamless networking environment using
SONET/SDH as transmission media for both LAN and WAN.
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RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
1.2 Possible Configurations
The MAPOS protocol provides multiple access, broadcast / multicast-
capable switched LAN environment using SONET/SDH lines as
transmission media. Possible configurations of MAPOS system are
shown in the following diagrams. In (a), two end nodes are connected
to each other. Figure (b) shows a star-topology "SONET-LAN" where
multiple end nodes are connected to an HDLC frame switch. The frame
switch forwards packets between nodes and provides multiple access
capability. In (c), multiple frame switches are linked together,
creating a switching cluster.
+------+ +------+
| Node +--------------------------------+ Node |
+------+ +------+
(a) Point-to-Point configuration
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RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
+------+ +---------------+
| Node +--------------------------------+ |
+------+ | |
| |
+------+ | |
| Node +--------------------------------+ |
+------+ | |
| Frame Switch |
+------+ | |
| Node +--------------------------------+ |
+------+ | |
| |
+------+ | |
| Node +--------------------------------+ |
+------+ +---------------+
(b) Point-to-Multipoint configuration
+--------+ +--------+
| Frame +----------------------+ Frame |
| Switch +--------+ +--------+ Switch |
+--+-----+ +-+----+-+ +--------+
| | Frame | +--------+
+--+-----+ | Switch | +--------+ | Frame |
| Frame | +-----+--+ | Frame +------+ Switch |
| Switch | +---------+ Switch | ++-------+
+-------++ +--------+ |
|________________________________________|
(c) Switching cluster configuration
Figure 1. Possible configurations
Each port on a switch has an unique identifier within the switch. A
node connected to a switch port must inherit the address of the port.
That is, the node address is equal to the port identifier and is
unique within the switch.
In a switch cluster, a node address is subnetted. The high-order
bits, the part where the corresponding bits in the "subnet mask" are
1, indicate the switch address. The remaining low-order bits
indicate the unique node address within the switch. The two fields
form an unique address for a given node.
In either case, the address may be configured manually into a node
interface, or automatically by the address assignment mechanism
described in [5].
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RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
Note that any two components may be connected either directly, or via
a long-haul SONET/SDH leased line.
1.3 Packet Transmission
The protocol is connection-less -- when a node wish to communicate
with some other node, it simply fills-in the destination address of
an HDLC frame, places it in one or more SONET/SDH payloads, and sends
it over a SONET/SDH link.
The switch forwards the frame to its destination based on the
destination address. In a switch cluster, the frame may be forwarded
by multiple switches and is eventually delivered to the specified
node. Broadcast and multicast are also supported. Frames with an
invalid destination address are silently discarded.
Like ethernet, the multiple access capability is provided by a switch
or a switch cluster. Since MAPOS is a link layer protocol, it is
independent of the upper layer protocols. That is, it can support any
network layer protocols such as IP. MAPOS IPv4 support is described
in [6].
2. Physical Layer
This protocol treats the underlying end-to-end SONET/SDH transmission
link as if it was a plain, transparent channel. It sends HDLC frames
in SONET/SDH payloads, and expects them to arrive at the other end
unaltered.
Each node and switch should terminate SONET/SDH overhead such as
section overhead, line overhead, and path overhead according to the
specification of SONET/SDH. Unfortunately, SONET and SDH overhead
interpretations are not identical. In addition, some SONET/SDH
implementations utilize some overhead bytes in proprietary manner.
The detail of the interpretation is beyond the scope of this
document. Appendix A describes some of the most significant
differences among SONET, SDH, and their implementations that often
causes interoperability problems. Implementors of SONET/SDH
interfaces are strongly encouraged to be aware of such differences,
and provide workaround options in their products.
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RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
3. Data Link Layer
3.1 HDLC Frame Format
MAPOS uses the same HDLC-like framing as used in PPP-over-SONET,
described in RFC-1662[7]. Figure 2 shows the frame format. Logical
Link Control (LLC), and Sublayer/Sub-Network Access Protocol (SNAP)
are not used. It does not include the bytes for transparency. The
fields are transmitted from left to right.
+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | | | |
| Flag | Address | Control | Protocol |
| 01111110 | 8bits | 00000011 | 16 bits |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+
+-------------+------------+----------+-----------
| | | | Inter-frame
| Information | FCS | Flag | fill or next
| | 16/32 bits | 01111110 | address
+-------------+------------+----------+------------
Figure 2. Frame format
Flag Sequence
Flag sequence is used for frame synchronization. Each frame begins
and ends with a flag sequence 01111110 (0x7E). If a frame
immediately follows another, one flag sequence may be treated as
the end of the preceding frame and the beginning of the immediately
following frame. When the line is idle, the flag sequence is to be
transmitted continuously on the line.
Address
The address field contains the destination HDLC address. A frame
is forwarded by a switch based on this field. It is 8 bits wide.
The LSB indicates the end of this field, and must always be 1. The
MSB is used to indicate if the frame is a unicast or a multicast
frame. The MSB of 0 means unicast, with the remaining six bits
indicating the destination node address. MSB of 1 means multicast,
with the remaining six bits indicating the group address. The
address 11111111 (0xFF) means that the frame is a broadcast frame.
The address 00000001 (0x01) is reserved to identify the control
processor inside a switch. Frames with an invalid address should
be silently discarded.
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RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
+-------------+-+
| | | | | | | | |
| | node addr |1|
+-+-----------+-+
^ ^
| |
| +------- EA bit (always 1)
|
1 : broadcast, multicast
0 : unicast
Figure 3 Address format
Control
The control field contains single octet 00000011 (0x03) which, in
HDLC nomenclature, means that the frame is an Unnumbered
Information (UI) with the Poll/Final (P/F) bit set to zero. Frames
with any other control field values should be silently discarded.
Protocol
The protocol field indicates the protocol to which the datagram
encapsulated in the information field belongs. It conforms to the
ISO 3309 extension mechanism, and the value for this field may be
obtained from the most recent "Assigned Numbers" [8] and "MAPOS
Version 1 Assigned Numbers" [9].
Information
The information field contains the datagram for the protocol
specified in the protocol field. The length of this field may
vary, but shall not exceed 65,280 (64K - 256) octets.
Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
By default, the frame check sequence (FCS) field is 16-bits long.
Optionally, 32 bit FCS may be used instead. The FCS is calculated
over all bits of the address, control, protocol, and information
fields prior to escape conversions. The least significant octet of
the result is transmitted first as it contains the coefficient of
the highest term.
Inter-frame fill
A sending station must continuously transmit the flag sequence as
inter-frame fill after the FCS field. The inter-frame flag
sequences must be silently discarded by the receiving station.
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RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
When an under-run occurs during DMA in the sending station, it must
abort the frame transfer and continuously send the flag sequence to
indicate the error.
3.2 Octet-Synchronous Framing
MAPOS uses an octet stuffing procedure because it treats SONET/SDH as
a byte-oriented synchronous link. Since SONET/SDH provides
transparency, Async-Control-Character-Map (ACCM) is not used. HDLC
frames are mapped into the SONET/SDH payload as follows.
Each HDLC frame is separated from another frame by one or more flag
sequence, 01111110 (0x7E). An escape sequence is defined to escape
the flag sequence and itself. Prior to sending the frame, but after
the FCS computation, every occurrence of 01111110 (0x7E) other than
the flags is to be converted to the sequence 01111101 01011110 (0x7D
0x5E), and the sequence 01111101 (0x7D) is to be converted to the
sequence 01111101 01011101 (0x7D 0x5D). Upon receiving a frame, this
conversion must be reversed prior to FCS computation.
4. Further Reading
To fully utilize MAPOS protocol, it is useful to reference other
documents[5][6][9][10] in conjunction with this document.
5. Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
References
[1] CCITT Recommendation G.707: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Bit
Rates (1990).
[2] CCITT Recommendation G.708: Network Node Interface for
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (1990).
[3] CCITT Recommendation G.709: Synchronous Multiplexing Structure
(1990).
[4] American National Standard for Telecommunications - Digital
Hierarchy - Optical Interface Rates and Formats Specification,
ANSI T1.105-1991.
[5] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "A MAPOS version 1 Extension -
Node Switch Protocol," RFC2173, June, 1997.
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RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
[6] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "IPv4 over MAPOS Version 1,"
RFC2176, June, 1997.
[7] Simpson, W., editor, "PPP in HDLC-like Framing," RFC1662, July
1994.
[8] IANA, "IANA-Assignments,"
http://www.iana.org/iana/assignments.html
[9] Maruyama, M. and K. Murakami, "MAPOS Version 1 Assigned
Numbers," RFC2172, June 1997.
[10] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "A MAPOS version 1 Extension -
Switch Switch Protocol," RFC2174, June, 1997.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions and
thoughtful suggestions of John P. Mullaney, Clark Bremer, Masayuki
Kobayashi, Paul Francis, Toshiaki Yoshida, and Takahiro Sajima.
Author's Address
Ken Murakami
NTT Software Laboratories
3-9-11, Midori-cho
Musashino-shi
Tokyo-180, Japan
E-mail: murakami@ntt-20.ecl.net
Mitsuru Maruyama
NTT Software Laboratories
3-9-11, Midori-cho
Musashino-shi
Tokyo-180, Japan
E-mail: mitsuru@ntt-20.ecl.net
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RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
APPENDIX A. Differences among SONET, SDH, and their Implementations
This section briefly describes the major differences among SONET
which is an ANSI standard, SDH, an ITU-T standard, and their
implementations.
AU pointer (H1, H2, H3)
The AU pointer consists of bytes H1, H2, and H3. The bits 5 and 6
of the H1 byte are called "SS bits," and are used to indicate the
offset into the payload where the beginning of a SPE is located.
(Note that "SPE" is a SONET term -- SDH calls it "VC.") In the
case of OC-3c, SONET sets the SS bits of the second and the third
H1 bytes to 0, whereas SDH sets them to 10 for AU-4, and 01 for
AU-31. Although the SS bits may be ignored at the receiving
station, some transmission systems discards SONET/SDH frames with
SS bits that it doesn't expect -- the sending station should be
aware of this, and include a configuration option to handle it.
Z1 and Z2
The Z bytes are reserved in SONET/SDH. Some transmission systems,
however, use them in a proprietary manner. SONET uses Z1 for Line
Error Monitoring. NTT, a carrier in Japan, utilized Z1 for
Automatic Protection Switching (APS.)
DCC Bytes
The D bytes are called the Data Communication channel (DCC), and
are defined for maintenance and operations. However, some carriers
and vendors use them in a proprietary manner. For example, NTT's
STM-1 UNI uses the D4, D5, and D6 bytes to transfer section and
path maintenance information.
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