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RFC 1425
Network Working Group J. Klensin, WG Chair
Request for Comments: 1425 United Nations University
N. Freed, Editor
Innosoft International, Inc.
M. Rose
Dover Beach Consulting, Inc.
E. Stefferud
Network Management Associates, Inc.
D. Crocker
The Branch Office
February 1993
SMTP Service Extensions
Status of this Memo
This RFC specifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet
community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
Please refer to the current edition of the "IAB Official Protocol
Standards" for the standardization state and status of this protocol.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
1. Abstract
This memo defines a framework for extending the SMTP service by
defining a means whereby a server SMTP can inform a client SMTP as to
the service extensions it supports. Standard extensions to the SMTP
service are registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA). This framework does not require modification of existing
SMTP clients or servers unless the features of the service extensions
are to be requested or provided.
2. Introduction
The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) [1] has provided a stable,
effective basis for the relay function of message transfer agents.
Although a decade old, SMTP has proven remarkably resilient.
Nevertheless, the need for a number of protocol extensions has become
evident. Rather than describing these extensions as separate and
haphazard entities, this document enhances SMTP in a straightforward
fashion that provides a framework in which all future extensions can
be built in a single consistent way.
3. Framework for SMTP Extensions
For the purpose of service extensions to SMTP, SMTP relays a mail
object containing an envelope and a content.
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RFC 1425 SMTP Service Extensions February 1993
(1) The SMTP envelope is straightforward, and is sent as a
series of SMTP protocol units: it consists of an
originator address (to which error reports should be
directed); a delivery mode (e.g., deliver to recipient
mailboxes); and, one or more recipient addresses.
(2) The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit
and has two parts: the headers and the body. The headers
form a collection of field/value pairs structured
according to RFC 822 [2], whilst the body, if structured,
is defined according to MIME [3]. The content is textual
in nature, expressed using the US ASCII repertoire (ANSI
X3.4-1986). Although extensions (such as MIME) may relax
this restriction for the content body, the content
headers are always encoded using the US ASCII repertoire.
The algorithm defined in [4] is used to represent header
values outside the US ASCII repertoire, whilst still
encoding them using the US ASCII repertoire.
Although SMTP is widely and robustly deployed, some parts of the
Internet community might wish to extend the SMTP service. This memo
defines a means whereby both an extended SMTP client and server may
recognize each other as such and the server can inform the client as
to the service extensions that it supports.
It must be emphasized that any extension to the SMTP service should
not be considered lightly. SMTP's strength comes primarily from its
simplicity. Experience with many protocols has shown that:
protocols with few options tend towards ubiquity, whilst
protocols with many options tend towards obscurity.
This means that each and every extension, regardless of its benefits,
must be carefully scrutinized with respect to its implementation,
deployment, and interoperability costs. In many cases, the cost of
extending the SMTP service will likely outweigh the benefit.
Given this environment, the framework for the extensions described in
this memo consists of:
(1) a new SMTP command (section 4)
(2) a registry of SMTP service extensions (section 5)
(3) additional parameters to the SMTP MAIL FROM and RCPT TO
commands (section 6).
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RFC 1425 SMTP Service Extensions February 1993
4. The EHLO command
A client SMTP supporting SMTP service extensions should start an SMTP
session by issuing the EHLO command instead of the HELO command. If
the SMTP server supports the SMTP service extensions it will give a
successful response (see section 4.1), a failure response (see 4.2),
or an error response (4.3). If the SMTP server does not support any
SMTP service extensions it will generate an error response (see
section 4.4).
The syntax for this command, using the ABNF notation of [2], is:
ehlo-cmd ::= "EHLO" SP domain CR LF
If successful, the server SMTP responds with code 250. On failure,
the server SMTP responds with code 550. On error, the server SMTP
responds with one of codes 500, 501, 502, 504, or 421.
This command is issued instead of the HELO command, and may be issued
at any time that a HELO command would be appropriate. That is, if
the EHLO command is issued, and a successful response is returned,
then a subsequent HELO or EHLO command will result in the server SMTP
replying with code 503. A client SMTP must not cache any information
returned if the EHLO command succeeds. That is, a client SMTP must
issue the EHLO command at the start of each SMTP session if
information about extended facilities is needed.
4.1. Successful response
If the server SMTP implements and is able to perform the EHLO
command, it will return code 250. This indicates that both the
server and client SMTP are in the initial state, that is, there is no
transaction in progress and all state tables and buffers are cleared.
Normally, this response will be a multiline reply. Each line of the
response contains a keyword and, optionally, one or more parameters.
The syntax for a positive response, using the ABNF notation of [2],
is:
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RFC 1425 SMTP Service Extensions February 1993
ehlo-ok-rsp ::= "250" domain [ SP greeting ] CR LF
/ ( "250-" domain [ SP greeting ] CR LF
*( "250-" ehlo-line CR LF )
"250" SP ehlo-line CR LF )
; the usual HELO chit-chat
greeting ::= 1*<any character other than CR or LF>
ehlo-line ::= ehlo-keyword *( SP ehlo-param )
ehlo-keyword ::= (ALPHA / DIGIT) *(ALPHA / DIGIT / "-")
; syntax and values depend on ehlo-keyword
ehlo-param ::= 1*<any CHAR excluding SP and all
control characters (US ASCII 0-31
inclusive)>
ALPHA ::= <any one of the 52 alphabetic characters
(A through Z in upper case, and,
a through z in lower case)>
DIGIT ::= <any one of the 10 numeric characters
(0 through 9)>
CR ::= <the carriage-return character
(ASCII decimal code 13)>
LF ::= <the line-feed character
(ASCII decimal code 10)>
SP ::= <the space character
(ASCII decimal code 32)>
Although EHLO keywords may be specified in upper, lower, or mixed
case, they must always be recognized and processed in a case-
insensitive manner. This is simply an extension of practices begun in
RFC 821.
The IANA maintains a registry of standard SMTP service extensions.
Associated with each such extension is a corresponding EHLO keyword
value. Each service extension registered with the IANA is defined by
a standards-track RFC, and such a definition includes:
(1) the textual name of the SMTP service extension;
(2) the EHLO keyword value associated with the extension;
(3) the syntax and possible values of parameters associated
with the EHLO keyword value;
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RFC 1425 SMTP Service Extensions February 1993
(4) any additional SMTP verbs associated with the extension
(additional verbs will usually be, but are not required
to be, the same as the EHLO keyword value);
(5) any new parameters the extension associates with the MAIL
FROM or RCPT TO verbs; and,
(6) how support for the extension affects the behavior of a
server and client SMTP.
In addition, any EHLO keyword value that starts with an upper or
lower case "X" refers to a local SMTP service extension, which is
used through bilateral, rather than standardized, agreement. Keywords
beginning with "X" may not be used in a registered service extension.
Any keyword values presented in the EHLO response that do not begin
with "X" must correspond to an SMTP service extension registered with
IANA. A conforming server must not offer non "X" prefixed keyword
values that are not described in a registered extension.
Additional verbs are bound by the same rules as EHLO keywords;
specifically, verbs begining with "X" are local extensions that may
not be standardized and verbs not beginning with "X" must always be
registered.
4.2. Failure response
If for some reason the server SMTP is unable to list the service
extensions it supports, it will return code 554.
In the case of a failure response, the client SMTP should issue
either the HELO or QUIT command.
4.3. Error responses from extended servers
If the server SMTP recognizes the EHLO command, but the command
argument is unacceptable, it will return code 501.
If the server SMTP recognizes, but does not implement, the EHLO
command, it will return code 502.
If the server SMTP determines that the SMTP service is no longer
available (e.g., due to imminent system shutdown), it will return
code 421.
In the case of any error response, the client SMTP should issue
either the HELO or QUIT command.
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RFC 1425 SMTP Service Extensions February 1993
4.4. Responses from servers without extensions
A server SMTP that conforms to RFC 821 but does not support the
extensions specified here will not recognize the EHLO command and
will consequently return code 500, as specified in RFC 821.
5. Initial IANA Registry
The IANA's initial registry of SMTP service extensions consists of
these entries:
Service Ext EHLO Keyword Parameters Verb Added Behavior
------------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ------------------
Send SEND none SEND defined in RFC 821
Send or Mail SOML none SOML defined in RFC 821
Send and Mail SAML none SAML defined in RFC 821
Expand EXPN none EXPN defined in RFC 821
Help HELP none HELP defined in RFC 821
Turn TURN none TURN defined in RFC 821
which correspond to those SMTP commands which are defined as optional
in [5]. (The mandatory SMTP commands, according to [5], are HELO,
MAIL, RCPT, DATA, RSET, VRFY, NOOP, and QUIT.)
6. MAIL FROM and RCPT TO Parameters
It is recognized that several of the extensions planned for SMTP will
make use of additional parameters associated with the MAIL FROM and
RCPT TO command. The syntax for these commands, again using the ABNF
notation of [2] as well as underlying definitions from [1], is:
esmtp-cmd ::= inner-esmtp-cmd [SP esmtp-parameters] CR LF
esmtp-parameters ::= esmtp-parameter *(SP esmtp-parameter)
esmtp-parameter ::= esmtp-keyword ["=" esmtp-value]
esmtp-keyword ::= (ALPHA / DIGIT) *(ALPHA / DIGIT / "-")
; syntax and values depend on esmtp-keyword
esmtp-value ::= 1*<any CHAR excluding "=", SP, and all
control characters (US ASCII 0-31
inclusive)>
; The following commands are extended to
; accept extended parameters.
inner-esmtp-cmd ::= ("MAIL FROM:<" reverse-path ">") /
("RCPT TO:<" forward-path ">")
All esmtp-keyword values must be registered as part of the IANA
registration process described above. This definition only provides
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RFC 1425 SMTP Service Extensions February 1993
the framework for future extension; no extended MAIL FROM or RCPT TO
parameters are defined by this RFC.
6.1. Error responses
If the server SMTP does not recognize or cannot implement one or more
of the parameters associated with a particular MAIL FROM or RCPT TO
command, it will return code 555.
If for some reason the server is temporarily unable to accomodate one
or more of the parameters associated with a MAIL FROM or RCPT TO
command, and if the definition of the specific parameter does not
mandate the use of another code, it should return code 455.
Errors specific to particular parameters and their values will be
specified in the parameter's defining RFC.
7. Received: Header Field Annotation
SMTP servers are required to add an appropriate Received: field to
the headers of all messages they receive. A "with ESMTP" clause
should be added to this field when any SMTP service extensions are
used. "ESMTP" is hereby added to the list of standard protocol names
registered with IANA.
8. Usage Examples
(1) An interaction of the form:
S: <wait for connection on TCP port 25>
C: <open connection to server>
S: 220 dbc.mtview.ca.us SMTP service ready
C: EHLO ymir.claremont.edu
S: 250 dbc.mtview.ca.us says hello
...
indicates that the server SMTP implements only those SMTP
commands which are defined as mandatory in [5].
(2) In contrast, an interaction of the form:
S: <wait for connection on TCP port 25>
C: <open connection to server>
S: 220 dbc.mtview.ca.us SMTP service ready
C: EHLO ymir.claremont.edu
S: 250-dbc.mtview.ca.us says hello
S: 250-EXPN
S: 250-HELP
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RFC 1425 SMTP Service Extensions February 1993
S: 250-8BITMIME
S: 250-XONE
S: 250 XVRB
...
indicates that the server SMTP also implements the SMTP
EXPN and HELP commands, one standard service extension
(8BITMIME), and two non-standard service extensions (XONE
and XVRB).
(3) Finally, a server that does not support SMTP service
extensions would act as follows:
S: <wait for connection on TCP port 25>
C: <open connection to server>
S: 220 dbc.mtview.ca.us SMTP service ready
C: EHLO ymir.claremont.edu
S: 500 Command not recognized: EHLO
...
The 500 response indicates that the server SMTP does not
implement the extensions specified here. The client
would normally send RSET to reset the connection, and,
after getting a successful reply, send a HELO command and
proceed as specified in RFC 821.
9. Security Considerations
This RFC does not discuss security issues and is not believed to
raise any security issues not already endemic in electronic mail and
present in fully conforming implementations of RFC-821. It does
provide an announcement of server mail capabilities via the response
to the EHLO verb. However, all information provided by announcement
of any of the initial set of service extensions defined by this RFC
can be readily deduced by selective probing of the verbs required to
transport and deliver mail. The security implications of service
extensions described in other RFCs should be dealt with in those
RFCs.
10. Acknowledgements
This document represents a synthesis of the ideas of many people and
reactions to the ideas and proposals of others. Randall Atkinson,
Craig Everhart, Risto Kankkunen, and Greg Vaudreuil contributed ideas
and text sufficient to be considered co-authors. Other important
suggestions, text, or encouragement came from Harald Alvestrand, Jim
Conklin, Mark Crispin, Frank da Cruz, 'Olafur Gudmundsson, Per
Hedeland, Christian Huitma, Neil Katin, Eliot Lear, Harold A.
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RFC 1425 SMTP Service Extensions February 1993
Miller, Dan Oscarsson, Julian Onions, Rayan Zachariassen, and the
contributions of the entire IETF SMTP Working Group. Of course, none
of the individuals are necessarily responsible for the combination of
ideas represented here. Indeed, in some cases, the response to a
particular criticism was to accept the problem identification but to
include an entirely different solution from the one originally
proposed.
11. References
[1] Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", STD 10, RFC 821,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1982.
[2] Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text
Messages", STD 11, RFC 822, UDEL, August 1982.
[3] Borenstein, N., and N. Freed, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions", RFC 1341, Bellcore, Innosoft, June 1992.
[4] Moore, K., "Representation of Non-ASCII Text in Internet Message
Headers", RFC 1342, University of Tennessee, June 1992.
[5] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and
Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, USC/Information Sciences Institute,
October 1989.
12. Chair, Editor, and Authors' Addresses
John Klensin, WG Chair
United Nations University
PO Box 500, Charles Street Station
Boston, MA 02114-0500 USA
Phone: +1 617 227 8747
Fax: +1 617 491 6266
Email: klensin@infoods.unu.edu
Ned Freed, Editor
Innosoft International, Inc.
250 West First Street, Suite 240
Claremont, CA 91711 USA
Phone: +1 909 624 7907
Fax: +1 909 621 5319
Email: ned@innosoft.com
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RFC 1425 SMTP Service Extensions February 1993
Marshall T. Rose
Dover Beach Consulting, Inc.
420 Whisman Court
Moutain View, CA 94043-2186 USA
Phone: +1 415 968 1052
Fax: +1 415 968 2510
Email: mrose@dbc.mtview.ca.us
Einar A. Stefferud
Network Management Associates, Inc.
17301 Drey Lane
Huntington Beach, CA, 92647-5615 USA
Phone: +1 714 842 3711
Fax: +1 714 848 2091
Email: stef@nma.com
David H. Crocker
The Branch Office
USA
Email: dcrocker@mordor.stanford.edu
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